Реферат: Сущность политической власти
<span Times",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">Ñóùüíîñòüïîëèòè÷åñêîéâëàñòè
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿâëàñòü —
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">ýòîñïåöèàëüíûéñîöèàëüíûéèíñòèòóò, óïîðÿäîâàþùèéñîö.îòíîøåíèÿ èïîâåäåíèå èíäèâèäà.Ï.Â. — îïðåäåëÿþùååâîçäåéñòâèåíàïîâåäåíèåìàññ, ãðóïï,îðãàíèçàöèéñ ïîìîùüþñðåäñòâ,êîòîðûìèîáëàäåòãîñ-âî. Âîòëè÷èå îòíðàâñòâåííîéè ñåìåéíîéâëàñòè Ï.Â.íîñèò íåëè÷íîñòèíî-íåïîñðåäñòâåííûé,àîáùåñòâåííî-îïîñðåäíîâàííûéõàð-ð. Ï.Â.ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿâ îáùèõðåøåíèÿõ èðåøåíèÿõ äëÿâñåõ, âôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèèèíñòèòóòîâ(ïðåçèäåíò,ïðàâèò-âî,ïàðëàìåíò,ñóä). Âîòëè÷èå îòïðàâîâîéâëàñòè,ðåãóëèðóþùåéîòíîøåíèÿìåæäóêîíêðåòíûìèñóáúåêòàìè,Ï.Â. ìîáèëèçóåòíà äîñòèæåíèåöåëåéáîëüøèåìàññû ëþäåé,ðåãóëèðóåòîòíîøåíèÿìåæäóãðóïïàìè âîâðåìÿ ñòàáèëüíîñòè,îáùåãîñîãëàñèÿ.<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Âîëÿê âëàñòè óîäíèõäîïîëíÿåòñÿïîòðåáíîñòüþ äðóãèõïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿê âëàñòíîéâîëå,èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòüñåáÿ ñ íåé,ïîä÷èíèòüñÿåé.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Îñíîâíûìèêîìïîíåíòàìèâëàñòèÿâë-ñÿ: ååñóáúåêò,îáúåêò. ñð-âà(ðåñóðñû) èïðîöåññ ,ïðèâîäÿùèéâ äâèæåíèåâñå åå ýë-òû èõàð-ùèéñÿìåõ-ìîì èñïîñîáàìèâçàèìîäåéñòâèÿñóáúåêòà èîáúåêòà. Ñóáúåêòâëàñòè âîïëîùàåòåå àêòèâíîå,íàïðàâëÿþùååíà÷àëî. Èììîæåò áûòüîòäåëüíûé÷åëîâåê,îðã-öèÿ,îáùíîñòüëþäåé,íàïðèìåð,íàðîä èëèäàæå ìèðîâîåñîîáùåñòâî,îáúåäèíåííîåâ ÎÎÍ.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ñóáúåêòûïîëèòè÷åñêîéâëàñòèèìåþò ñëîæíûé,ìíîãîóðîâíåâûéõàð-ð: ååïåðâè÷íûìèñóáúåêòàìèÿâëÿþòñÿ èíäèâèäû,âòîðè÷íûìè — ïîëèòè÷åñêèåîðã-öèè,ñóáúåêòàìèíàèáîëåå âûñîêîãîóðîâíÿ,íåïîñðåäñòâåííîïðåäñòàâëÿþùèìèâî âëàñòíûõîòíîøåíèÿõðàçëè÷íûåîáùåñòâåííûåãðóïïû èâåñü íàðîä,-ïîëèòè÷åñêèåýëèòû èëèäåðû. Ñâÿçü ìåæäóýòèìèóðîâíÿìèìîæåòíàðóøàòüñÿ.Òàê, íàïðèìå,ëèäåðûíåðåäêîîòðûâàþòÿ îò ìàññ èäàæå îòïðèâåäøèõèõ â âëàñòèïàðòèé.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ñóáúåêòîïðäåëÿåòñÿñîäåðæàíèåìâëàñòíîãîîòíîøåíèÿ÷åðåç ïðèêàç(ðàñïîðÿæåíèå,êîìàíäó). Âïðèêàçåïðåäïèñûâàåòñÿïîâåäåíèåîáúåêòàâëàñòè,óêàçûâàþòñÿ(èëèïîäðóçóìåâàþòñÿ)ñàíêöèè,êîòîðûå âëå÷åòçà ñîáîéâûïîëíåíèåèëèíåâûïîëíåíèåðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ.Îò ïðèêàçà,õàð-ðàñîäåðæàùèõñÿâ íåìòðåáîâàíèÿâî ìíîãîìçàâèñèò îòíîøåíèåê íåìóîáúåêòà,èñïîëíèòåëåé- âòîðîãîâàæíåéøåãîýë-òà âëàñòè.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Îáúåêòâëàñòè. Âëàñòü — âñåãäàäâóñòîðîííåå,àñèììåòðè÷íîå,ñäîìèíèðîâàíèåìâîëè âëàñòèòåëÿâçàèìîäåñòâèååå ñóáúåêòàè îáúåêòà.Îíàíåâîçìîæíàáåçïîä÷èíåíèÿ îáúåêòà.Åñëè òàêîãîïîä÷èíåíèÿíåò, òî íåò èâëàñòè,íåñìîòðÿ íàòî, ÷òî ñòðåìÿùèéñÿê íåéñóáúåêòîáëàäàåò ÿðêîâûðàæåííîéâîëåéâëàñòâîâàíèÿè äàæåìîùíûìèñðåäñòâàìèïðèíóæäåíèÿ. êîíå÷íîìñ÷åòå óîáúåêòà âëàñòíîéâîëè âñåãäàåñòü ïóñòüêðàéíèé, íî âñåæå âûáîð — ïîãèáíóòü,íî íåïîä÷èíèòüñÿ,÷òî íàøëî, â÷àñòíîñòè,ñâîåâûðàæåíèå â ñâîáîäîëþáèâîìëîçóíãå“ëó÷øåóìåðåòü ñðàæÿñü,÷åì æèòü íàêîëåíÿõ”.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ìàñøòàáûîòíîøåíèÿîáúåêòà êñóáúåêòóâëàñòâîâàíèÿïðîñòèðàþòñÿîò îæåñòî÷åííîãîñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ,áîðüáû íàóíè÷òîæåíèåäîäîáðîâîëüíîãî,âîñïðèíèìàåìîãîñ ðàäîñòüþïîâèíîâåíèÿ.Êà÷åñòâàîáúåêòàïîëèòè÷åêîãîâëàñòâîâàíèÿîïðåäåëÿþòñÿïðåæäå âñåãîïîëèòè÷åñêîéêóëüòóðîéíàñåëåíèÿ.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ïîíÿòèåðåñóðñîââëàñòè.Âàæíåéøåéñîöèàëüíîéïðè÷èíîéïîä÷èíåíèÿîäíèõ ëþäåéäðóãèìÿâëÿåòñÿíåðàâíîìåðíîåðàñïðåäåëåíèåðåñóðñîââëàñòè.  øèðîêîìñìûñëåðåñóðñûâëàñòèïðåäñòàâëÿþòñîáîé “âñå òî,÷òî èíäèâèäèëè ãðóïïàìîãóòèñïîëüçîâàòüäëÿ âëèÿíèÿíà äðóãèõ”. Ò.î.ðåñóðñûâëàñòè — ýòîâñå òå ñðåäñòâà,èñïîëüçîâàíèåêîòîðûõîáåñïå÷èâàåòâëèÿíèå íàîáúåêòâëàñòè âñîîòâåòñòâèèñ öåëÿìèñóáúåêòà. Ðåñóðñûïðåäñòâàëÿþòñîáîé ëèáîâàæíûå äëÿ îáúåêòàöåííîñòè(äåíüãè,ïðåäìåòûïîòðåáëåíèÿè ò.ï.), ëèáîñð-âà,ñïîñîáíûåïîâëèÿòü íàâíóòðåíèéìèð,ìîòèâàöèÿ÷åëîâåêà (òåëåâèäåíèå,ïðåññà è ò.ï.),ëèáî îðóäèÿ(èíñòðóìåíòû),ñ ïîìîùüþêîòîðûõìîæíîëèøèòü ÷åëîâåêàòåõ èëè èíûõöåííîñòåé,âûñøåé èç êîòîðûõîáû÷íîñ÷èòàåòñÿæèçíü (îðóæèå, êàðàòåëüíûåîðãàíû âöåëîì).
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ðåñóðñû,íàðÿäó ññóáúåêòîì èîáúåêòîì, âûñòóïàþòîäíèì èçâàæíåéøèõîñíîâàíèéâëàñòè. Îíèìîãóòèñïîëüçîâàòüñÿäëÿ ïîîùðåíèÿ,íàêàçàíèÿèëè óáåæäåíèÿ.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> ÑòðóêòóðíûåîñíîâàíèÿÏ.Â. - çàêîíû, ñóä,ãîñóä. àïïàðàò, îòðÿäûïðèíóæäåíèÿ,ïàðòèéíàÿäèñöèïëèíà,àâòîðèòåòëèäåðà,öåíòðàëüíûåèðåãèîíàëüíûåñòðóêòóðû.Ðóêîâîäñòâóÿñüàíòðîïîëèãè÷åñêèìïðèíöïîì,âûäåëÿþòòàêèå òèïûîñíîâàíèéÏ.Â. êàê ñòðàõ,èíòåðåñ,óáåæäåíèå.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Âèäûâëàñòè. Îñîáåííîñòèðàçëè÷íûõýë-â âëàñòè — ñóáúåêòà,îáúåêòà,ðåñóðñîâ — ìîãóò èñòîëüçîâàòüñÿâ êà÷åñòâåîñíîâàíèéåå òèïîëîãèé.Îäíîé èçíàèáîëååñîäåðæàòåëüíûõêëàññèôèêàöèéâëàñòèÿâëÿåòñÿ ååäåëåíèå â ñîîòâåòñòâèèñ ðåñóðñàìè,íà êîòîðûõîíà îñíîâûâàåòñÿ, íàýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ,ñîöèàëüíóþ,äóõîâíî-èíôîðìàöèîííöþ,ïðèíóäèòåëüíóþ( êîòîðóþ÷àñòîíàçûâàþòïîëèòè÷åñêîéâ óçêîìçíà÷åíèèýòîãî ñëîâà,õîòÿ ýòî íåñîâñåìòî÷íî) èïîëèòè÷åñêóþâ øèðîêîì,ñîáñòâåííîìçíà÷åíèèýòîãî ñëîâà.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Âçàâèñèìîñòèîòñóáúåêòîâ âëàñòüäåëèòñÿ íàãîñóäàíñòâåííþ,ïàðòèéíóþ,ïðîôñîþçíóþ,àðìåéñêóþ,ñåìåéíóþ èò.ï. Ïî øèðîòåðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿâûäåëÿþòñÿìåãàóðîâåíü- ìåæäóí.îðã-öèè, Í: ÎÎÍ,ÍÀÒÎ è ò.ï.;ìàêðîóðîâåíü- öåíòðàëüíûåîðãàû ãîñ-âà;ìåçîóðîâåíü-ïîä÷èíåííûåöåíòðó îðã-öèè( îáëàñòíûå,ðàéîííûå èò.ï.) èìèêðîóðîâåíü- âëàñòü âïåðâè÷íûõ îðã-ÿõè ìàëûõãðóïïàõ.Âîçìîæíàêëàññèôèêàöèÿâëàñòè ïîôóíêöèÿì ååîðãàíîâ: íàïðèìåð,çàêîíàäàòåëüíàÿ,èñïîëüíèòåëüíàÿè ñóäåáíàÿâëàñòè ãîñ-âà;ïî ñïîñîáàìâçàèìîäåéñòâèÿñóáúåêòà èîáúåêòà âëàñòè- äåìîêðàòè÷åñêàÿ,àâòîðèòàðíàÿè ò.ï. âëàñòè.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">Âçàèìîäåéñòâèåïîëèòè÷åñêîéè äðóãèõ âëàñòåé.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"><span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿâëàñòüõàð-ñÿ ðÿäîìîòëè÷èòåëüíûõïðèçíàêîâ:
<span Times",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:Times">1.<span Times New Roman"">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">ëåãàëüíîñòüþâèñïîëüçîâàíèèñèëû â ïðåäåëàõãîñ-âà;<span Times",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:Times">2.<span Times New Roman"">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">âåðõîâåíñòâîì,îáÿçàòüíîñòüþðåøåíèé äëÿâñÿêîé èíîéâëàñòè. Ï. Â.ìîæåòîãðàíè÷èòüâëèÿíèåìîùíûõêîðïîðàöèÿ,ÑÌÈ è äðóãèõó÷ðåæäåíèéèè æå âîâñåëèêâèäèðîâàòüèõ;<span Times",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:Times">3.<span Times New Roman"">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">ïóáëè÷íîñòüþ,ò.å.âñåîáùíîñòüþè áåçëè÷íîñòüþ.Ýòîîçíà÷àåò, ÷òîïîëèòè÷åñêàÿâëàñü âîòëè÷èå îòïðèâàòíîé,ëè÷íîéâëàñòè,êîòîðàÿñóùåñòâóåò âíåáîëüøèõãðóïïàõ, îòèìåíè âñåãîîáùåñòâàîáðàùàåòñÿñ ïîìîùüþïðàâà êîâñåì ãðàæäàíàì;<span Times",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:Times">4.<span Times New Roman"">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">ìîíîöåíòðè÷íîñòüþ,íàëè÷èåìåäèíîãî öåíòðàïðèíÿòèÿðåøåíèé. Âîòëè÷èå îòïîëèòè÷åñêîéâëàñòè ýê-àÿ,ñîö-àÿ èäóõîâíî-èíôîðìàöèîííàÿâëàñòèïîëèöåíòðè÷íû. ðûíî÷íîìäåìîêðàòè÷åñêîìîáù-âåñóùåñòâóåò,êàê èçâåñòíî,ìíîãîíåçàâèñèìûõñîáñòâåííèêîì,ñîöèàëüíûõôîíäîâ è ò.ï.;<span Times",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:Times">5.<span Times New Roman"">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">ìíîãîîáðàçèåìðåñóðñîâ. Ï.Â.,è îñîáåííî ãîñ-âî,èñïîëüçóåòíå òîëüêîïðèíóæäåíèå,íî è ýê-êèå,ñîö-ûå èêóëüòóðíî-èíôîðìàöèîííûåðåñóðñû.<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"> Ñëèÿíèåïîëèòè÷åñêîé,ýê-êîé, ñîö-îéèäóõîâíî-èíôîðì-îéâëàñòåé ïðèêîìàíäíîéðîëè ïîëèòèêèíàáëþäàåòñÿâòîòàëèòàðíûéãîñ-õ. Äåìîêðàòè÷åñêèéæå ñòðîéïðåäïîëàãàåòðàçäåëåíèåêàê ñàìèõýòèõâëàñòåé, òàêè êàæäîé èçíèõ: â ýê-êå — íàëè÷èåìíîæåñòâàêîíêóðèðóþùèõöåíòðîââëèÿíèÿ, âïîëèòèêå — ðàçäåëåíèåâëàñòèìåæäóãîñ-âîì, ïàðòèòÿìèè ãðóïïàìèèíòåðåñîâ, àòàêæå ñàìîéãîñ-îéâëàñòè íà çàêîíîäàòåëüíóþ,èñïîëíèò-þ èñóäåáíóþ, âäóõîâíîéñôåðå — äîñòóïíîñòüîáðàçîâàíèÿ,êóëüòóðíî-èíô-íûéïëþðàëèçì.
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">
<span Times",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">