Реферат: Ахматова в годы Великой Отечественной Войны

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">ÂåëèêàÿÎòå÷åñòâåííàÿâîéíàñîâåòñêîãîíàðîäà, êî­òîðóþîí âåë íàïðîòÿæåíèè÷åòûðåõäîëãèõ ëåò ñãåð­ìàíñêèìôàøèçìîì,îòñòàèâàÿêàê íåçàâèñèìîñòüñâîåéÐîäèíû, òàê èñóùåñòâîâàíèåâñåãîöèâèëèçîâàííîãîìè­ðà,ÿâèëàñüíîâûìýòàïîì è âðàçâèòèèñîâåòñêîéëèòå­ðàòóðû.Íàïðîòÿæåíèèäâàäöàòè ñëèøíèì ëåòïðåä­øåñòâóþùåãîðàçâèòèÿîíàäîñòèãëà,êàê èçâåñòíî,ñåðü­åçíûõõóäîæåñòâåííûõðåçóëüòàòîâ.Åå âêëàä âõóäîæå­ñòâåííîåïîçíàíèåìèðàçàêëþ÷àëñÿïðåæäå âñåãîâ òîì, ÷òîîíàïîêàçàëàðîæäåíèå ÷åëîâåêàíîâîãîîáùåñòâà. Íàïðîòÿæåíèè ýòèõäâóõäåñÿòèëåòèéâ ñîâåòñêóþëèòåðà­òóðóïîñòåïåííîâõîäèëè,íàðÿäó ñíîâûìè èìåíàìè,ðàç­ëè÷íûåõóäîæíèêèñòàðøåãîïîêîëåíèÿ. Ê÷èñëó èõïðè­íàäëåæàëàè ÀííàÀõìàòîâà.Ïîäîáíî íåêîòîðûìäðóãèì ïèñàòåëÿì,îíà â 20-å è 30-åãîäûïåðåæèëàñëîæíóþ ìèðîâîççðåí÷åñêóþýâîëþöèþ.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">ÂîéíàçàñòàëàÀõìàòîâó âËåíèíãðàäå.Ñóäüáà åå îýòî âðåìÿïî-ïðåæíåìó ñêëàäûâàëàñüòÿæåëî—âòîðè÷íîàðåñòîâàííûéñûííàõîäèëñÿ âçàêëþ÷åíèè,õëîïîòû ïîåãîîñâîáîæäåíèþíè ê ÷åìó íåïðèâîäèëè.Èçâåñòíàÿíà­äåæäà íàîáëåã÷åíèåæèçíèâîçíèêëà ïåðåä1940 ãîäîì,êîãäà åéáûëîðàçðåøåíîñîáðàòü è èçäàòüêíèãóèçáðàí­íûõïðîèçâåäåíèé.Íî Àõìàòîâà,åñòåñòâåííî,íå ìîãëàâêëþ÷èòü âíåå íèîäíîãî èç ñòèõîòâîðåíèé,âïðÿìóþ êà­ñàâøèõñÿòÿãîñòíûõñîáûòèé òåõëåò. Ìåæäó òåìòâîð­÷åñêèéïîäúåìïðîäîëæàëáûòü î÷åíüâûñîêèì, è, ïîñëî­âàìÀõìàòîâîé,ñòèõè øëèñïëîøíûìïîòîêîì,“íàñòó­ïàÿ íàïÿòêè äðóãäðóãó,òîðîïÿñü èçàäûõàÿñü...”.

<span Academy Italic"; mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Ïîÿâëÿëèñüèïåðâîíà÷àëüíîñóùåñòâîâàëèíåîôîðìëåííîîòðûâêè,íàçâàííûåÀõìàòîâîé“ñòðàííûìè”, âêî­òîðûõâîçíèêàëèîòäåëüíûå÷åðòû èôðàãìåíòûïðîøåä­øåéýïîõè—âïëîòüäî1913ãîäà, íîèíîãäàïàìÿòü ñòè­õàóõîäèëà åùåäàëüøå—â ÐîññèþÄîñòîåâñêîãîè Íåêðàñîâà.1940 ãîäáûë â ýòîìîòíîøåíèèîñîáåííîèíòåí­ñèâåíè íåîáû÷åí.Ôðàãìåíòûïðîøåäøèõ ýïîõ,îáðûâêèâîñïîìèíàíèé,ëèöà äàâíîóìåðøèõëþäåéíàñòîé÷èâîñòó÷àëèñü âñîçíàíèå,ïåðåìåøèâàÿñüñ áîëååïîçäíèìèâïå÷àòëåíèÿìèè ñòðàííîïåðåêëèêàÿñüñòðàãè÷åñêèìèñîáûòèÿìè30-õ ãîäîâ.Âïðî÷åì, âåäüè ïîýìà“Ïóòåì âñåÿçåìëè”,êàçàëîñü áû,íàñêâîçüëèðè÷åñêàÿ èãëóáîêîòðàãè÷íàÿïî ñâîåìóñìûñëó, òàêæåâêëþ÷àåò âñåáÿ êî­ëîðèòíûåôðàãìåíòûïðîøåäøèõýïîõ,ïðè÷óäëèâîñîñåä­ñòâóþùèõññîâðåìåííîñòüþïðåäâîåííîãîäåñÿòèëåòèÿ.Âî âòîðîéãëàâêå ýòîéïîýìûâîçíèêàþòãîäû þíîñòè è åäâà ëèíå äåòñòâà,ñëûøíûâñïëåñêè÷åðíîìîðñêèõâîëí, íî—îäíîâðåìåííî—âçîðó÷èòàòåëÿïðåäñòàþò…îêîïû ïåðâîéìèðîâîéâîéíû, à âïðåäïîñëåäíåéãëàâêå ïîÿâ­ëÿþòñÿãîëîñàëþäåé,ïðîèçíîñÿùèõïîñëåäíèåíîâîñòè îÖóñèìå, î“Âàðÿãå” è“Êîðåéöå”, òîåñòü îðóññêî-ÿïîí­ñêîéâîéíå...

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">ÍåäàðîìÀõìàòîâàïèñàëà, ÷òî èìåííîñ1940ãîäà— ñîâðåìåíèïîýìû “Ïóòåìâñåÿ çåìëè” èðàáîòû íàä“Ðåê­âèåìîì”—îíàñòàëàñìîòðåòü íàâñþïðîøåäøóþãðîìà­äóñîáûòèé êàêáû ñ íåêîåéâûñîêîéáàøíè.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Âãîäû âîéíûíàðÿäó ñïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèìèñòèõàìè(“Êëÿòâà”,“Ìóæåñòâî” è äð.)Àõìàòîâàïèøåò èíåñêîëü­êîïðîèçâåäåíèéáîëååêðóïíîãîïëàíà, â êîòîðûõîíàîñìûñëèâàåòâñþïðîøåäøóþèñòîðè÷åñêóþãðîìàäó ðå­âîëþöèîííîãîâðåìåíè, .âíîâüâîçâðàùàåòñÿïàìÿòüþ ê ýïîõå1913 ãîäà,çàíîâîïåðåñìàòðèâàåòåå, ñóäèò, ìíî­ãîå—ïðåæäåäîðîãîå èáëèçêîå—ðåøèòåëüíîîòáðàñûâà­åò,èùåòèñòîêîâ èñëåäñòâèé.Ýòî íå óõîä âèñòîðèþ, àïðèáëèæåíèåèñòîðèè êòðóäíîìó èòÿæêîìó äíþâîéíû,ñâîåîáðàçíîå,ñâîéñòâåííîåòîãäà íå åéîäíîé èñòîðèêî-ôèëîñîôñêîåîñìûñëåíèåðàçâåðíóâøåéñÿíà åå ãëàçàõãðàíäèîçíîéâîéíû.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Âãîäû âîéíû÷èòàòåëèçíàëè âîñíîâíîì “Êëÿòâó”è “Ìóæåñòâî”—îíè âñâîå “âðåìÿïå÷àòàëèñüâ ãàçåòàõ èîáðàòèëè íàñåáÿ îáùååâíèìàíèåêàê íåêèéðåäêèé ïðè­ìåðãàçåòíîéïóáëèöèñòèêèó òàêîãî êàìåðíîãîïîýòà, êàêèìáûëà ââîñïðèÿòèèáîëüøèíñòâàÀ. Àõìàòîâàïðåäâîåííûõëåò. Íîïîìèìî ýòèõäåéñòâèòåëüíîïðåêðàñíûõïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèõïðîèçâåäåíèé,ïîëíûõïàòðèîòè÷åñêîãîâîîäóøåâëåíèÿè ýíåðãèè,îíàíàïèñàëàíåìàëîäðóãèõ, óæåíåïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèõ,íî òîæå âîìíîãîì íîâûõäëÿ íååâåùåé, òàêèõ,êàêñòèõîòâîðíûéöèêë “Ëóíà â çåíèòå”(1942—1944), “ÍàÑìîëåíñêîìêëàäáèùå”(1942), “Òðèîñåíè”(1943), “Ãäå íà÷åòûðåõâûñîêèõëàïàõ...”

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">

<span Academy Italic"; mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»;mso-no-proof:yes">(1943),

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">“Ïðåäûñòîðèÿ”(1945) è âîñîáåííîñòèôðàãìåí­òûèç “Ïîýìû áåçãåðîÿ”,íà÷àòîé åùåâ1940ãîäó, íîâ îñíîâíîìâñå æåîçâó÷åííîéãîäàìè âîéíû.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">ÂîåííàÿëèðèêàÀ.Àõìàòîâîéòðåáóåòãëóáîêîãîîñ­ìûñëåíèÿ,ïîòîìó ÷òî,ïîìèìîñâîåé íåñîìíåííîéýñòåòè­÷åñêîéè÷åëîâå÷åñêîéöåííîñòè,îíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåòèíòåðåñè êàêíåìàëîâàæíàÿäåòàëüòîãäàøíåéëèòåðàòóðíîéæèç­íè,èñêàíèé èíàõîäîê òîéïîðû.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Êðèòèêàïèñàëà, ÷òîèíòèìíî-ëè÷íàÿòåìà ââîåííûåãîäûóñòóïèëàìåñòîïàòðèîòè÷åñêîéâçâîëíîâàííîñòèè òðåâîãå çàñóäüáó÷åëîâå÷åñòâà.Ïðàâäà, åñëèïðèäåðæè­âàòüñÿáîëüøåéòî÷íîñòè, òîñëåäîâàëî áûñêàçàòü, ÷òîðàñøèðåíèåâíóòðåííèõãîðèçîíòîââ ïîýçèèÀõìàòîâîéíà÷àëîñü óíåå, êàê ìûòîëüêî ÷òîâèäåëè íàïðèìåðå “Ðåêâèåìà”è ìíîãèõïðîèçâåäåíèé30-õ ãîäîâ, çíà÷èòåëü­íîðàíüøå ãîäîââîéíû. Íî âîáùåì ïëàíåýòî íàáëþäå­íèåâåðíî, è íàäîçàìåòèòü, ÷òîèçìåíåíèåòâîð÷åñêîãîòîíóñà, àîò÷àñòèäàæå èìåòîäà áûëîñâîéñòâåííîâ ãîäû âîéíûíå òîëüêî À.Àõìàòîâîé, íîè äðóãèìõóäîæíèêàìñõîäíîé èíåñõîäíîé ñíåþ ñóäüáû,êîòîðûå,áóäó÷èïðåæäå äàëåêèìèîòãðàæäàíñêîãîñëîâà è íåïðèâû÷íûìèê ìûøëåíèþøèðîêèìè èñòîðè÷åñêèìèêàòåãîðèÿìè,òîæå ïåðåìåíèëèñüè âíóòðåííå,è ïî ñòèõó.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Êîíå÷íî,âñå ýòèïåðåìåíû,êàêèìè áûíåîæèäàííûìèîíè íèêàçàëèñü, íåáûëè ñòîëüóæ âíåçàïíû. êàæäîìñëó÷àåìîæíî íàéòèäëèòåëüíîåïðåäâàðèòåëüíîåíàêîï­ëåíèåíîâûõêà÷åñòâ,âîéíà ëèøüóáûñòðèëàýòîò ñëîæ­íûé,ïðîòèâîðå÷èâûéè ìåäëèòåëüíûéïðîöåññ,ñâåäÿ åãî äîñòåïåíèìãíîâåííîéïàòðèîòè÷åñêîéðåàêöèè. Ìûóæå âèäåëè,÷òî âòâîð÷åñòâåÀõìàòîâîéâðåìåíåìòàêîãî íà­êîïëåíèÿáûëèïîñëåäíèåïðåäâîåííûåãîäû, âîñîáåííî­ñòè4935—1940,êîãäàäèàïàçîí ååëèðèêè, òîæåíåîæè­äàííîäëÿ ìíîãèõ,ðàñøèðèëñÿäî âîçìîæíîñòèîñâîåíèÿïîëèòèêî-ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèõîáëàñòåé:öèêë ñòèõîâ“ ñî­ðîêîâîìãîäó” è äð.

<span Academy Italic"; mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Ýòîîáðàùåíèå êïîëèòè÷åñêîéëèðèêå, à òàêæåê ïðî­èçâåäåíèÿìãðàæäàíñêî-ôèëîñîôñêîãîñìûñëà(“Ïóòåì âñåÿçåìëè”,“Ðåêâèåì”,“×åðåïêè” è äð.)â ñàìûéêàíóíÂåëèêîéÎòå÷åñòâåííîéâîéíûîêàçàëîñü÷ðåçâû÷àéíîâàæíûì äëÿ ååäàëüíåéøåãîïîýòè÷åñêîãîðàçâèòèÿ.Âîò ýòîò-òîãðàæäàíñêèéè ýñòåòè÷åñêèéîïûò èîñîçíàííàÿ öåëüïîñòàâèòüñâîé ñòèõíà ñëóæáóòðóäíîìóäíþ íà­ðîäà èïîìîãëè Àõìàòîâîéâñòðåòèòüâîéíóñòèõîì âîèí­ñòâåííûìèâîèíñòâóþùèì.Èçâåñòíî,÷òî ÂåëèêàÿÎòå÷åñòâåííàÿâîéíà íåçàñòàëàïîýòîââðàñïëîõ: âïåðâûå æå äíèñðàæåíèé áîëüøèí­ñòâîèõ óåõàëè, íàôðîíòû—âêà÷åñòâåñîëäàò,îôèöåðîâ,âîåííûõêîððåñïîíäåíòîâ;òå æå, êòî íåìîãó÷àñòâîâàòüâ ðàòíîì äåëåíàðîäàíåïîñðåäñòâåííî,ñòàëèó÷àñòíèêà­ìèíàïðÿæåííîéòðóäîâîéæèçíèíàðîäà òåõ ëåò. Îëüãà ÁåðããîëüöâñïîìèíàåòîáÀõìàòîâîéñàìîãîíà÷àëàëåíèí­ãðàäñêîéîñàäû:

<span Academy Italic"; mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">“Íàëèíîâàííîìëèñòå áóìàãè,âûðâàííîìèç êîíòîð­ñêîéêíèãè,íàïèñàííîåïîä äèêòîâêóÀííûÀíäðååâíûÀõìàòîâîé, àçàòåìèñïðàâëåííîååå ðóêîéâûñòóïëåíèåïî ðàäèî—íàãîðîä è íàýôèð—âòÿæåëåéøèåäíè øòóð­ìàËåíèíãðàäàèíàñòóïëåíèÿíà Ìîñêâó.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Êàêÿ ïîìíþ ååîêîëîñòàðèííûõêîâàíûõâîðîò íàôîíå÷óãóííîéîãðàäûÔîíòàííîãîÄîìà,áûâøåãîØåðå­ìåòüåâñêîãîäâîðöà, ñ ëèöîì,çàìêíóòûì âñóðîâîñòè èãíåâíîñòè,ñïðîòèâîãàçîì÷åðåç ïëå÷î,îíà íåñëà äåæóð­ñòâîêàê ðÿäîâîéáîåöïðîòèâîâîçäóøíîéîáîðîíû. Îíàøèëà ìåøêèäëÿ ïåñêà,êîòîðûìè îáêëàäûâàëèòðàíøåè-óáåæèùàâ ñàäó òîãîæåÔîíòàííîãî Äîìàïîä êëåíîì, âîñïåòûìåþ â “Ïîýìåáåç ãåðîÿ”. Âòî æåâðåìÿ îíàïèñàëàñòèõè,ïëàìåííûå,ëàêîíè÷íûå ïî-àõìàòîâñêè÷åò-âåðîñòèøèÿ:       

<span Academy Italic"; mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»;mso-no-proof:yes">

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Âðàæüåçíàìÿ

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Ðàñòàåò,êàê äûì,

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Ïðàâäàçà íàìè,

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Èìû ïîáåäèì!”

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">“Çàõîäèëê Àõìàòîâîé,—âñïîìèíàåòî âñòðå÷å ñíåé âàâãóñòå1941 ãîäàÏàâåë. Ëóêíèöêèé.—Îíà ëåæàëà— áîëååò.Âñòðåòèëàìåíÿ î÷åíüïðèâåòëèâî; íàñòðîåíèåó íååõîðîøåå, ñâèäèìûìóäîâîëüñòâèåìñêàçàëà, ÷òîïðè­ãëàøåíàâûñòóïèòüïî ðàäèî. Îíà—ïàòðèîòêà,è ñîçíàíèå,÷òî îíàñåé÷àñäóøîéâìåñòå ñîâñåìè, âèäèìî,î÷åíü îáîäðÿåòåå”.

<span Academy Italic"; mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Êñòàòèñêàçàòü,ïðèâåäåííîåÎëüãîé Áåðããîëüö÷åòâå­ðîñòèøèåõîðîøîïîêàçûâàåò,÷òî äàæå øåðîõîâàòûéÿçûêïëàêàòà,ñòîëü,êàçàëîñü áû,äàëåêèé îòòðàäèöèîííîéìà­íåðûÀõìàòîâîé,äàæå è îí,êîãäàâîçíèêëà âòîì ïîòðåá­íîñòü,âäðóãïîÿâèëñÿ èçàçâó÷àë âåå ñòèõå, íåæåëàâøåìáûòü âñòîðîíå íèîò îáùåé áåäû,íè îò îáùåãîìóæåñòâà.Àõìàòîâà çàñòàëàáëîêàäó, îíàâèäåëàïåðâûå æåñòî­êèåóäàðû,íàíåñåííûåñòîëüêî ðàçâîñïåòîìóåþ ãîðîäó.Óæå â èþëåïîÿâëÿåòñÿçíàìåíèòàÿ“Êëÿòâà”:

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Èòà, ÷òîñåãîäíÿïðîùàåòñÿ ñìèëûì,—

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Ïóñòüáîëü ñâîþ âñèëó îíàïåðåïëàâèò.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Ìûäåòÿìêëÿíåìñÿ,êëÿíåìñÿìîãèëàì,

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">×òîíàñïîêîðèòüñÿíèêòî íåçàñòàâèò!

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">ÌóçàËåíèíãðàäàíàäåëà â òåòÿæåëûå äíèâîåííóþôîðìó. Íàäîäóìàòü, ÷òî èÀõìàòîâîéîíà ÿâëÿëàñüòîã­äà âñóðîâîì,ìóæåñòâåííîìîáëè÷üå. Íî, âîòëè÷èå îòãîäîâ ïåðâîéìèðîâîéâîéíû, êîãäà,ìû ïîìíèì,Àõìàòîâà ïåðåæèâàëà÷óâñòâîáåçûñõîäíîé,âñåçàòìåâàþùåéñêîð­áè, íåçíàâøåéâûõîäà èïðîñâåòà,ñåé÷àñ â ååãîëîñå— òâåðäîñòüè ìóæåñòâî,ñïîêîéñòâèåè óâåðåííîñòü:“Âðàæüåçíàìÿðàñòàåò, êàêäûì”. Ï. Ëóêíèöêèéâåðíîïî÷óâñòâî­âàë,÷òî ïðè÷èíàýòîãîìóæåñòâà, èñïîêîéñòâèÿ—â îùó­ùåíèèåäèíñòâà ñæèçíüþíàðîäà, âñîçíàíèèòîãî, “÷òîîíà ñåé÷àñäóøîéâìåñòå ñî âñåìè”.Çäåñü—âîäîðàçäåë,êîòîðûéïðîëåãàåòìåæäó ðàííåéÀõìàòîâîé,ïåðèîäà ïåð­âîéìèðîâîéâîéíû, èàâòîðîì“Êëÿòâû” è “Ìóæåñòâà”.

<span Academy Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:«Academy Italic»">Îíàíå õîòåëàóåçæàòü èçËåíèíãðàäàè, áóäó÷èýâà­êóèðîâàííîéè æèâÿ çàòåìâ òå÷åíèåòðåõ ëåò âÒàøêåíòå, íåïåðåñòàâàëàäóìàòü è ïèñàòüî ïîêèíóòîìãîðîäå. Çíàÿî ìóêàõ áëîêàäíîãîËåíèíãðàäàëèøü èçðàññêàçîâ, ïè­ñåìè ãàçåò,ïîýòåññà÷óâñòâîâàëàñåáÿ, îäíàêî,îáÿçàííîéîïëàêàòüâåëèêèå æåðòâûëþáèìîãîãîðîäà.Íåêîòîðûå ååïðîèçâåäåíèÿýòîãîâðåìåíè ïîñâîåìóâûñîêîìó òðà­ãèçìóïåðåêëèêàþòñÿñîñòèõîòâîðåíèÿìèÎëüãèÁåðããîëüö èäðóãèõëåíèíãðàäöåâ,îñòàâàâøèõñÿ âêîëüöå áëîêàäû.Ñëîâî“ïëàêàëüùèöà”,êîòîðûìçàòåì òàê÷àñòî èíàïðàñ­íîóïðåêàëèÁåðããîëüö,âïåðâûåïîÿâèëîñü ïðèìåíèòåëüíîêËåíèíãðàäóèìåííî óÀõìàòîâîé.Ýòîìó ñëîâóîíà ïðè­äàâàëà,ðàçóìååòñÿ,âûñîêîåïîýòè÷åñêîåçíà÷åíèå. Ååñòèõîòâîðíûåðåêâèåìûâêëþ÷àë&egr