Реферат: Системы адресации в Мини- и МикpоЭВМ
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ÌÎÑÊÎÂÑÊÈÉÎÐÄÅÍÀÒÐÓÄÎÂÎÃÎÊÐÀÑÍÎÃÎ ÇÍÀÌÅÍÈ
ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÎ-ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ
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ÊÀÔÅÄÐÀÂÛ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕÌÀØÈÍ
ÊÓÐÑÎÂÀßÐÀÁÎÒÀ
íàòåìó:
Ñðàâíèòåëüíûéàíàëèçðàçëè÷íûõñèñòåìàäðåñàöèè,èñïîëüçóåìûõâ ìèíè èìèêðîÝÂÌ.
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Äàòàãîòîâíîñòèðàáîòû:
Ñòóäåíò:<span Times",«serif»">
ÊîçëîâÀ.Â.Ðóêîâîäèòåëüðàáîòû: ×åðíÿê Í.Ã.
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Çàùèùåíà “____” “_________” 1994 ã.
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Ìîñêâà1994 ã.
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ÌÎÑÊÎÂÑÊÈÉÎÐÄÅÍÀÒÐÓÄÎÂÎÃÎÊÐÀÑÍÎÃÎ ÇÍÀÌÅÍÈ
ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÎ-ÑÒÀÒÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ
ÊÀÔÅÄÐÀÂÛ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕÌÀØÈÍ
ÇÀÄÀÍÈÅÍÀ ÊÓÐÑÎÂÓÞÐÀÁÎÒÓ
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ÄÏ-101<span Times",«serif»"> êóðñ <span Times",«serif»"> 1<span Times",«serif»">
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Òåìà: Ñðàâíèòåëüíûéàíàëèçðàçëè÷íûõñèñòåìàäðåñàöèè,èñïîëüçóåìûõâ ìèíèè ìèêðîÝÂÌ.
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Îñíîâíûåðàçäåëûêóðñîâîéðàáîòû:
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Ââåäåíèå.Îòëè÷èÿìèíè — èìèêðîÝÂÌ.2.<span Times New Roman"">
Ñèñòåìûàäðåñàöèè,èñïîëüçóåìûåâ ìèíè-ÝÂÌ.(Íà ïðèìåðåÑÌ ÝÂÌ ).3.<span Times New Roman"">
Ñèñòåìûàäðåñàöèè,èñïîëüçóåìûåâ ÏÝÂÌ.( ÍàïðèìåðåêîíêðåòíîéÏÝÂÌ ).4.<span Times New Roman"">
Çàêëþ÷åíèå.Ñðàâíèòåëüíûéàíàëèç ñèñòåìàäðåñàöèèèñïîëüçóåìûõâ ìèíè — è ïåðñîíàëüíûõÝÂÌ.Ðåêîìåíäóåìàÿëèòåðàòóðà:
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ÌàëûåÝÂÌ âûñîêîéïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè.Àðõèòåêòóðàèïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå. Ìîñêâà"Ðàäèî èñâÿçü" 1990.2.<span Times New Roman"">
Ä.Áðàìì,Ï.Áðàìì.Ïðîöåññîð 80386 èåãîïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå."Ìèð" 1990.3.<span Times New Roman"">
Øàãóðèí,Â.Á. Áðîäèí, Ã.Ï.Ìîçãîâîé.Îïèñàíèå èñèñòåìàêîìàíä. ÌÏ"Ìàëèï" 1992.Äàòàâûäà÷èçàäàíèÿ “____” “_________” 1994ã.
Ñðîêïðåäñòàâëåíèÿðàáîòû íàêàôåäðó " " " " 1994 ã.
Ðóêîâîäèòåëüêóðñîâîéðàáîòû : ×åðíÿê Í.Ã.
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1.ÎÒËÈ×ÈßÌÈÍÈ- ÈÌÈÊÐÎÝÂÌ.
 êîíöå 60-õãîäîâíà÷àëñÿñåðèéíûéâûïóñê ñðàâíèòåëüíîíåáîëüøèõ èäåøåâûõìèíè-ÝÂÌ. Èõïðåäíàçíà÷àëèäëÿïðåäïðèÿòèéè îðãàíèçàöèé,ãäåóñòàíîâêàâûñîêîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûõÝÂÌ áûëàýêîíîìè÷åñêèíåâûãîäíîé. èõ çàäà÷óïåðâîíà÷àëüíîâõîäèëààâòîìàòèçàöèÿïðîôåññèîíàëüíîéðàáîòû âðàçëè÷íûõîðãàíèçàöèÿõ,ðàáîòà íàïðåäïðèÿòèÿõâ êà÷åñòâåïðîáëåìíîîðèåíòèðîâàííûõÝÂÌ.  1977-78 ãîäóáûë íà÷àòâûïóñêñåìåéñòâàìàëûõ ÝÂÌ (ÑÌÝÂÌ). Èõ÷àñòîíàçûâàëèóïðàâëÿþùèìèâû÷èñëèòåëüíûìèêîìïëåêñàìè,òàê êàê îíè÷àùå âñåãîèñïîëüçîâàëèñüâ ñèñòåìàõóïðàâëåíèÿðàçëè÷íîãîðîäà. Îäíàêî,ÑÌ 3-åéî÷åðåäè,ðàçðàáîòàííûåâ ïîñëåäíèåãîäûîòíîñÿòñÿóæå ê ÝÂÌ÷åòâåðòîãîïîêîëåíèÿ èèìåþò áîëüøóþïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü,ïîýòîìó êðóãèõïðèìåíåíèÿðåçêîðàñøèðèëñÿ,è èõ àêòèâíîèñïîëüçóþòâ êà÷åñòâåàâòîìàòèçèðîâàííûõðàáî÷èõìåñò, îáúåäèíÿþòââû÷èñëèòåëüíûåñèñòåìû, è ïîðó÷àþòèì ðàñ÷åòýêîíîìè÷åñêèõè ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõçàäà÷. Ñïîÿâëåíèåìáîëüøèõèíòåãðàëüíûõñõåìñâÿçàíîðàçâèòèå äðóãîãîêëàññàìàøèí — ìèêðîÝÂÌ, è,êàê äîñòèæåíèåýòîãîíàïðàâëåíèÿ — ïîÿâëåíèåìîùíûõïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõÏÝÂÌ, êîòîðûåèñïîëüçóþòñÿíà ðàáî÷èõìåñòàõ äëÿàâòîìàòèçàöèèòðóäà,íåñëîæíûõðàñ÷åòîâ è ðàçëè÷íîãîðîäà ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ.Îñíîâíûìîòëè÷èåììèíè — îòìèêðîÝÂÌíåñîìíåííîÿâëÿåòñÿîðèåíòàöèÿ.Ìàøèíû ÑÌÝÂÌâûïóñêàëèñüêàêïðîáëåìíîîðèåíòèðîâàííûåÝÂÌ è ïîääåðæèâàëèñüáîëüøèìêîëè÷åñòâîìðàçëè÷íûõìîäóëåéîïðåäåëÿþùèõèõ ñïåöèàëèçàöèþ,â òî âðåìÿêàê ÏÝÂÌ — ýòîóíèâåðñàëüíûåÝÂÌ,ðàññ÷èòàííûåïîìèìîïðèìåíåíèÿ âïðîôåññèîíàëüíîéäåÿòåëüíîñòèåùå è íàïðèìåíåíèåâ êà÷åñòâåîáó÷àþùèõ èáûòîâûõ ÝÂÌ.Ïîôóíêöèîíàëüíûìâîçìîæíîñòÿììèíè — èìèêðîÝÂÌèìåþùèåïðèìåðíî îäèíè òîò æåóðîâåíü íåîòëè÷àþòñÿäðóã îò äðóãà,êàê ýòîäîëæíî áûòüäëÿ ìàøèíðàçíîãîêëàññà, ò.å.ó÷èòûâàÿ÷òîìèíè-ÝÂÌñ÷èòàåòñÿáîëååìîùíîé ÷åììèêðîÝÂÌ, à â÷àñòíîñòèÏÝÂÌ. Äëÿñðàâíåíèÿâîçüìåìñóïåðìèíè-ÝÂÌÑÌ 1700 èñîâðåìåííóþïåðñîíàëüíóþÝÂÌ íà áàçå32-ðàçðÿäíîãîïðîöåññîðà.
ÑÌ 1700 AMD 80386 DX 40Mhz
Ïðîèçâîäèòåëü-
íîñòü,ìëí.îï./ñ 3 9.6
Ðàçðÿäíîñòü 32 32
ÅìêîñòüÎÇÓ
Ìáàéò 5-15 1-128
Âñåäàííûå ïîïðîöåññîðó AMD386âçÿòû èçäîêóìåíòàöèèíà Ali 386 MINI ISA System Board. Êàêâèäíî ñðàçâèòèåìýëåìåíòíîéáàçû ÏÝÂÌ,çàäóìàííûåêàê ìåíååìîùíûå, ÷åììèíè-ÝÂÌïåðñîíàëüíûåêîìïüþòåðûîáîãíàëè èõïîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè.
2.ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛÀÄÐÅÑÀÖÈÈÈÑÏÎËÜÇÓÅÌÛÅÂ ÌÈÍÈ-ÝÂÌ
 ýòîéãëàâå áóäóòðàññìîòðåíûñïîñîáû àäðåñàöèèäàííûõ,èñïîëüçóåìûåâ ìèíè-ÝÂÌíà ïðèìåðåÑÌ1700. Ýòîïåðâûéïðåäñòàâèòåëü32-ðàçðÿäíûõÝÂÌñåìåéñòâàÑÌ.Âû÷èñëèòåëüíûéêîìïëåêñ ÑÌ1700ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñîáîé óíèâåðñàëüíóþÝÂÌ. Îäíà èçîñíîâíûõöåëåé åãîñîçäàíèÿ — ýòîðàñøèðåíèåâèðòóàëüíîãîàäðåñíîãîïðîñòðàíñòâàïîñðàâíåíèþ ñ 16-ðàçðÿäíîéÑÌ4. Õîòÿíåêîòîðûåèíñòðóêöèè âû÷èñëèòåëüíîãîêîìïëåêñàÑÌ1700 èìåþò ñõîäñòâîñèíñòðóêöèÿìèÑÌ4, ÑÌ1700ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñîáîéïîëíîñòüþíîâóþàðõèòåêòóðó.Àïïàðàòíûåñðåäñòâà ÑÌ1700îðèåíòèðîâàíûíà ðåàëèçàöèþÿçûêîââûñîêîãîóðîâíÿ è ñèñòåìíûõïðîãðàìì,êîòîðûåèñïîëüçóþòñÿîïåðàöèîííîéñèñòåìîé èêîìïèëÿòîðîì.Ñèñòåìàêîìàíä ÑÌ1700 âíàñòîÿùååâðåìÿ âêëþ÷àåò304 èíñòðóêöèèè áîëåå 20ðåæèìîâàäðåñàöèèîïåðàíäîâ.Âñå ýòî äàåòâîçìîæíîñòüïðîãðàììèñòóñîñòàâëÿòüýôôåêòèâíûåïî îáúåìó èâðåìåíèâûïîëíåíèÿïðîãðàììû.Êàêèå æåñïîñîáûàäðåñàöèèïðåäóñìîòðåíûâ ÑÌ1700? Ìûðàññìîòðèìíåñêîëüêîñïîñîáîâ àäðåñàöèè,êîòîðûå âîáùåì ìîæíîïîäåëèòü íà ðåãèñòðîâûå,êîñâåííûå,èíäåêñíûå èñïåöèàëüíûå.
2.1 ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂÛÉÐÅÆÈÌÀÄÐÅÑÀÖÈÈ
 ýòîìðåæèìåîïåðàíäîìÿâëÿåòñÿñîäåðæèìîåðåãèñòðà.Ðàññìîòðèìèíñòðóêöèþ MOVLR2,R3. Äëÿ ÑÌ ÝÂÌõàðàêòåðíî,÷òîïðèåìíèêîìâñåãäàÿâëÿåòñÿâòîðîéîïåðàíä äëÿäâóõ- è òðåòèéäëÿòðåõ-îïåðàíäíûõèíñòðóêöèé.Ïîýòîìóèíñòðóêöèÿ MOVLR2,R3 ïåðåñûëàåòñîäåðæèìîåðåãèñòðà R2 âðåãèñòð R3, à íåíàîáîðîò,êàê áûëî áû ñàíàëîãè÷íîéèíñòðóêöèåéMOV AX,BX èç íàáîðàêîìàíäïðîöåññîðîâcåìåéñòâà 8086ôèðìû Intel. Ïðèâåäåìïðèìåðèñïîëüçîâàíèÿýòîãî ñïîñîáààäðåñàöèèíà ïðèìåðåèíñòðóêöèè MOVLR2,R3. Ååìàøèííàÿçàïèñüáóäåòâûãëÿäåòü,êàê D0 52 53, ãäå D0 — êîäèíñòðóêöèè,à 52 è 53 — ïðÿìàÿàäðåñàöèÿ,2îé ðåãèñòð èïðÿìàÿàäðåñàöèÿ,3èé ðåãèñòðñîîòâåòñòâåííî.
Ïóñòüñîäåðæèìîåðåãèñòðîâ äîîïåðàöèè áûëî:
R2 = 00000010
R3 = 00001000
Òîãäàïîñëå îíèáóäóòâûãëÿäåòüòàê:
R2 = 00000010
R3 = 00000010
Êàê âèäíîèç ïðèìåðà,ñîäåðæèìîåðåãèñòðà R2áûëîñêîïèðîâàíîâ R3.
2.2 ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÎ-ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂÛÉÐÅÆÈÌ
 ýòîìðåæèìåñîäåðæèìîåðåãèñòðàÿâëÿåòñÿàäðåñîìîïåðàíäà.Ìíåìîíèêàíààññåìáëåðå (Rn),ãäå (Rn) ÿâëÿåòñÿðåãèñòðîìñîäåðæàùèìëèáî àäðåñîïåðàíäàèñòî÷íèêà {MOVL(R2),R3} ëèáî àäðåñîïåðàíäàïðèåìíèêà {MOVLR2,(R3)}.  êà÷åñòâåïðèìåðà îïÿòüïðèâåäåìèíñòðóêöèþïåðåñûëêèäâîéíîãîñëîâà MOVL R2,(R3). Êîäîïåðàöèèîñòàíåòñÿòîò æå, à îïåðàíäûáóäóòïðåäñòàâëåíûêàê 52 63, ãäå 63 — ýòîóæåêîñâåííàÿàäðåñàöèÿ ñèñïîëüçîâàíèåì3ãî ðåãèñòðà.Ïðè òîì æåñîäåðæèìîìðåãèñòðîâ,÷òî è âïðåäûäóùåìïðèìåðå,áóäåì èìåòü:
Äî îïåðàöèèMOVL R2,(R3):
R2= 00000010
R3= 00001000
(00001000) = 00000200 (R3)
Ïîñëå...
R2= 00000010
R3= 00001000
(00001000) = 00000010
Ïîñëåîïåðàöèèïåðåñûëêèçíà÷åíèåÿ÷åéêèïàìÿòè,àäðåñêîòîðîéñîäåðæàëñÿ â R3(00001000) èçìåíèëñÿñ 000000200 íà 00000010.
2.3 ÐÅÆÈÌ ÑÀÂÒÎÓÂÅËÈ×ÅÍÈÅÌ
Ñïåöèàëüíîäëÿîáðàáîòêèìàññèâîâäàííûõ â CM1700ïðåäóñìîòðåíààäðåñàöèÿ ñàâòîóâóëè÷åíèåì. ýòîìðåæèìåñîäåðæèìîåâûáðàííîãîðåãèñòðàÿâëÿåòñÿàäðåñîìîïåðàíäà, êàêè ïðèêîñâåííî-ðåãèñòðîâîéàäðåñàöèè,îäíàêî ïîñëåâûïîëíåíèÿîïåðàöèèñîäåðæèìîåðåãèñòðàóâåëè÷èâàåòñÿíà N, âçàâèñèìîñòèîò òèïàîïåðàíäà:
N = 1, åñëèîïåðàíäîìÿâëÿåòñÿáàéò,
N = 2, åñëèîïåðàíäîìÿâëÿåòñÿñëîâî,
N = 4, åñëèîïåðàíäîìÿâëÿåòñÿäâîéíîå ñëîâî,
N = 8, åñëèîïåðàíäîìÿâëÿåòñÿó÷åòâåðåííîåñëîâî èëèñëîâî ñ ïëàâàþùåéçàïÿòîé,
N =16,åñëèîïåðàíäîìÿâëÿåòñÿöåëîå ñëîâîäëèíîé 128ðàçðÿäîâ èëè äâîéíîåñëîâî ñ ïëàâàþùåéçàïÿòîé.
Ðàññìîòðèìýòîò ðåæèìàäðåñàöèèèñïîëüçóÿêîìàíäó MOVL (R0),(R2)+. Âïàìÿòèèíñòðóêöèÿáóäåòïðåäñòàâëåíàêàê D0 60 82, ãäå 60 — êàê óæåãîâîðèëîñüêîñâåííàÿ àäðåñàöèÿñ ðåãèñòðîì R0,à 82 — êîñâåííàÿàäðåñàöèÿ ñèñïîëüçîâàíèåìðåãèñòðà R2 èàâòîóâåëè÷åíèå.Âîñüìåðêà âïîñëåäíåìñëó÷àå êàêðàç èîçíà÷àåòäàííûéðåæèìàäðåñàöèè.
Äî îïåðàöèèMOVL (R0),(R2)+
R0= 00001000
R2= 00001050
(00001000) = 000000AC (R3)
(00001050) = 00000000 (R2)
Ïîñëå...
R0= 00001000
R2= 00001054 <——Óâåëè÷èëîñüíà 4
(00001000) = 000000AC
(00001050) = 000000AC
Êàêâèäíîïðîèçîøëàïåðåñûëêà÷èñëà èç ÿ÷åéêè00001000 â 00001050 èçíà÷åíèåðåãèñòðà R2óâåëè÷èëîñüíà 4. (Èíñòðóêöèÿ MOVLïåðåñûëàåòäâîéíûå ñëîâà.Îá ýòîìãîâîðèòñóôôèêñ 'L' — Long — äëèííîå èëèäâîéíîåñëîâî.Ïîýòîìó R2óâåëè÷èëñÿíà 4. Âîîáùåïðåäóñìîòðåíûîïåðàöèèðàáîòàþùèåñ áàéòàìè,ñëîâàìè,äâîéíûìèñëîâàìè èèíîãäà ñó÷åòâåðåííûìèñëîâàìè è èìåþùèåñóôôèêñû B,W,L è Qñîîòâåòñòâåííî.)
2.4 ÐÅÆÈÌ ÑÀÂÒÎÓÌÅÍÜØÅÍÈÅÌ
Ýòîòðåæèìèäåíòè÷åíðåæèìó ñàâòîóâåëè÷åíèåì,îäíàêî çäåñüïîñëåâûïîëíåíèÿîïåðàöèèñëåäóåò íåóâåëè÷åíèå,àóìåíüøåíèåîïåðàíäà ïîòåì æåïðàâèëàì. Äëÿïðèìåðàðàññìîòðèìêîìàíäó CLRB -(R5),êîòîðàÿ âïàìÿòèáóäåòâûãëÿäåòüêàê 94 75. Çäåñü 94 — êîä îïåðàöèè,à 75 — çíà÷èò:èñïîëüçîâàòüðåãèñòð R5 ( ?5 ) èïðîèçâåñòèóìåíüøåíèåïîñëåèñïîëíåíèÿ ( 7?).
Äî îïåðàöèèCLRB -(R5)
R5= 00001000
(00000FFF) = 0000001A
(000001000) = 0000001A (R5)
Ïîñëå...
R5= 00000FFF <—— óìåíüøèëîñüíà 1
(00000FFF) = 0000001A (R5)
(000001000) = 00000000 <—— 0
Èçìåíåíèÿõîðîøîâèäíû.ß÷åéêà 00001000, íàêîòîðóþïåðâîíà÷àëüíîóêàçûâàëðåãèñòð R5 î÷èñòèëàñü( CLRB — CLeaR Byte — î÷èñòèòüáàéò),çíà÷åíèå ðåãèñòðàR5óìåíüøèëîñüíà 1 è òåïåðüóêàçûâàåòíà ÿ÷åéêóïàìÿòèðàñïîëîæåííóþïåðåä ÿ÷åéêîé00001000, ò.å. 00000FFF.
2.5 ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÛÉÐÅÆÈÌ ÑÀÂÒÎÓÂÅËÈ×ÅÍÈÅÌ
 ýòîìðåæèìåñîäåðæèìîåâûáðàííîãîðåãèñòðàÿâëÿåòñÿàäðåñîìàäðåñàîïåðàíäà, à ïîñëåâûïîëíåíèÿîïåðàöèèïðîèçâîäèòñÿóâåëè÷åíèåñîäåðæèìîãîýòîãî ðåãèñòðàíà 4,íåçàâèñèìîîò ðàçìåðàîïåðàíäà. Ýòîîïðåäåëÿåòñÿòåì, ÷òîðåãèñòðñîäåðæèòàäðåñ àäðåñà (ò.å. àäðåñÿ÷åéêè,ñîäåðæèìîåêîòîðîé âñâîþ î÷åðåäüèñïîëüçóåòñÿêàê àäðåñ äëÿïîëó÷åíèÿäåéñòâèòåëüíîãîîïåðàíäà ), ààäðåñ âñåãäàïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿêàê äâîéíîåñëîâî.
Äëÿïðèìåðàâîçüìåìîïåðàöèþî÷èñòêè áàéòà,ìíåìîíèêàêîòîðîé íààññåìáëåðåáóäåòâûãëÿäåòüêàê CLRB @(R5)+.Ñèìâîë '@' (çþõà )îçíà÷àåòèñïîëüçîâàíèåíå ïðîñòîðåæèìà ñàâòîóâåëè÷åíèåì,à èìåííîêîñâåííîãî.Ïðåäñòàâëåíèåýòîéî&ium