Реферат: Naval Museum
<table cellspacing=«0» cellpadding=«0» "> <img src="/cache/referats/15502/image001.gif" " v:shapes="_x0000_i1025">Portrait. Peter I in armour
J. M. Notier type,
1720-th.
The Collection of the Central Naval Museum began with ships' models collection of Tzar Peter the Great and Model Chamber of Saint Petersburg Admiralty, which is mentioned for the first time in Peter's letter of 24 January 1709. The main goal of the Model Chamber creation was to keep transport ships and warships draughts and models, constructed at the Admiralty shipyards for the Baltic Fleet.
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image002.jpg" " v:shapes="_x0000_i1026">Admiralty Dockyard in St. Petersburg.
EngraverA. Rostovtsev, 1717
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image004.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1027">Historicalvaluable materials and shipbuilding information were preserved in the ModelChamber. Its building was rather small for such a big collection and in 1805 aMaritime Museum was founded. Some years later engravings and pictures on marinethemes in addition to draughts and ships models appeared in the Museum. But inspite of this in 1827 the Museum was closed because of the lack of room. Andonly in 1867 the Russian government opened the Museum again, yielded to publicopinion and efforts of naval officers. Its collection was enriched by manyvaluable objects. Among them were personal things of emperor Peter I, thefounder of Russian Navy, famous admirals and officers; paintings andengravings, specimens of cold steel and fire-arms. The main collection ofwarships and transport ships models was increased too. The restored MaritimeMuseum was located in the west wing of the Admiralty building. It was verypopular among visitors. In 1909 it was renamed as Emperor Peter the Great's MaritimeMuseum.
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image006.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1030">TheRevolution of 1917 and the Civil war in Russia 1918 — 1920 have broughtessential correctives the Museum's exhibition. The main goal for it became todemonstrate the leading role of the Communist Party in restoration anddevelopment of the Navy. The collection enriched with materials concerning thework of seamen-communists, Fleet's Party and Comsomol organizations. The Museumhas received items from the museums, closed to that time, for example, museumsof Guards Naval Depot and Naval Cadet Corps. The subjects of a naval life,paintings wellknown marine painters as I. K. Aivazovskiy andA. N. Bogoliuboff, naval uniform, Russian awards and marks wereobtained on auctions and the private persons. But at the same time, in1920-30th the large number of subjects of the Romanov emperor's family,nobiliary surnames were annihilated in the Museum under the pressure of newcircumstances. This loss has become irreplaceable. And only due to the truedevotees of Museum it became possible to preserve the less, that makes thepride of its collection today.
In 1939-1940 the Museum was renamed as theCentral Naval Museum and was transferred from its historical place — Admiralty- to a building of former Stock exchange at the spite of the Vasilyevskiy island.This building was constructed in 1805-1810 under the project of a knownarchitect Jean Francoise Toma de Tomon. Since that times the CentralNaval Museum has become one of the most <img src="/cache/referats/15502/image008.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1029">favouriteand attended museums of the city.
During the World War II a part of thecollection was evacuated to Ulyanovsk city. But a number of the employees hadbeing worked in blocaded Leningrad, collecting the unique materials concerningthe defenders of Leningrad. Excursion&lecturer work was going on the shipsand in units of Red Banner Baltic Fleet, at the enterprises and in hospitals ofthe besieged city The mobile exhibitions worked.
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image010.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1031">Thepost-war period is characterized by active museum exhibition activity. Theemployees of the Museum repeatedly left with mobile exhibitions on all Fleets,carrying out large educational&cultural activity. In the beginning of 50-ththe professional Studio of marine artists was created under the decision of theNavy's Govering body and initiative of the Museums' employees. It aimed toupdate the Museum's collection by a materials illuminating those pages of ahistory, which have not found sufficient representation in an exhibition. Todaythe talented artists are working in Studio, among them the Deserved artist ofRussian Federation V. A. Pechatin, Z. G. Abashvili,M. A. Kuznetsov, S. V. Pen, V. P. Yarkin andothers. The scientific employees of the Museum work under the creation of thenew museum catalogues. That has allowed to include earlier unknown documentsand materials in scientific use.
The changes in Russia of the end 1980-th — beginning of 90-th have allowed the Museum to turn to the Museum's reservedcollections and to show to public the subjects, documents and materialsrevealling pre-revolutionary history of the Russian Navy. The Museum hasdeveloped wide exhibition activity as in Russia and abroad. Peoples of thecities Nakhodka, Kaliningrad, Moscow, Archangelsk, Pskov, Yalta, Tyumen,Vyborg, Severodvinsk have got acquainted with its collections. Museum'sassembly have received a high estimation in Denmark, France, Germany, GreatBritain, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Spain, USA. The scientific andcreative connections with museums of Russia and foreign countries haveextended. The increasing of CNM's popularity and scientific authority hasstirred up the first wave emigrants and their descendants. We were gifted theinteresting materials from France, Holland, Japan, Tunis, USA. Citizens ofRussian Federation do not leave us without attention too. Сollection of the Museum totals about 700'000items today.
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image012.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1026">TheCentral Naval Museum repeatedly participated in joint exhibitions with StateHermitage, State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Statemuseums-reserves «Moscow Kremlin», «Petershoff», «Tsarskoye Selo», «Pavlovsk»,«Gatchina», State Museum of history of St. Petersburg, State Museum ofReligions history, Museum of anthropology and ethnography («Cabinet ofcuriosities»), A. A. Popov Central Museum of communications, StateMemorial Museum of A. V. Suvorov, Central Museum of the Armed Forcesof Russian Federation, Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering andIntercommunicational corps, Military Medicine Museum and others.
For last years authority of the Museum hasconsiderably grown. It has become the member of the International Council ofMuseums (ICOM) International Association of Military Museums & MilitaryHistory (IAMAM), International Congress of Maritime Museums (ICMM), Union ofthe creative museum workers of St. Petersburg and region.
Large popularity and authority the CNM isobliged for those museum's patriots who works in it for many years. The proudof the Museum are: L. I. Bereznitskaya, A. K. Belik,K. P. Krasnopol'skiy, A. L. Larionov, V. B. Morozova,L. S. Petrova, L. G. Shuster, I. P. Sukhanov,T. N. Topornina, A. A Tron'.
Recently the Museum has celebrated its 290thanniversary. Its scientific employees have the large creative plans. Highlyprofessional collective, its knowledge and purposefulness is the pledge, thatthe Museum will keep traditions of the oldest scientific-educationalinstitution and perfectly will be the pride of Russian Navy and the treasury ofmaritime glory of Russia.
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image013.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1028">
Museum's main building in Saint Petersburg
Photo, 1996
Kinds from a roof of a building of the Central Naval Museum
Photo 2001
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image014.gif" align=«left» hspace=«12» " v:shapes="_x0000_s1033">
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image016.jpg" align=«left» hspace=«12» v:shapes="_x0000_s1032">
<img src="/cache/referats/15502/image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027">
Shalimova Jane
9 “G”
The Museum of Tbilisi'sHistory, a treasury of material and spiritual values of Georgian people wasfounded in 1910. That time it was named «Municipal Museum», becauseit was established by the Municipality.
During 90 years more than50 thousand items have been collected. This collection was enabling the Museumto expose the complete hi story of the town. The life and culture beginningfrom the IV millennium B.C., since the first inhabitants were settled here.This enabled the museum to present the incessant course of urban developmentthrough its important stages. Up to the XIX century Tbilisi was a typicaloriental town with its Caravanserais and bazaars, houses with verandahs andbalconies, with narrow lanes. The contact with Russian and European culturesgave European imprint to the life fashion of Tbilisi and to its externalappearance. In the XIX century in the old part of the town, in the vicinity ofSioni Cathedral, where there were remnants of a Caravanserai built by the KingRostom in XVII century, a new Caravanserai was built. In 1912 the facade of thebuilding was decorated. After restoration of 1980 this historical buildingbecame the residence for The Museum of Tbilisi's History.
Unique archaeological,ethnographical, documentary material, many masterpieces of folk and appliedarts (carpets, kilims, etc.) are kept here. The Museum holds the richestphotograph-collection which perfectly shows the views of the town, its life andits inhabitants. The Museum keeps many paintings, printings and graphical worksof Georgian and foreign artists, depicting Tbilisi and its citizens in theirrather colorful spectra. Alongside with the material depicting the past, TheMuseum of Tbilisi's History represents modern art too.
The modern Art departmentwas founded in 1986 and is on the third floor of the building. The modern Artdepartment of Tbilisi history museum exhibits the state of modern Georgian Art.Back in the former soviet time rather bold, nowadays Historical exhibitionswere arranged, namely Georgian Neoexpressionism, Transavangard, FreeFiguration, Installation, Video-Art, Performance and other trends anddirections.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; color:purple">ARMENIAN GENOCIDE MUSEUM
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<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Museum of the Armenian Genocide opened in 1995 intime to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the Genocide. The Museumstructure is of unique and original design. (architects: S. Kalashian and L.Mkrtchian). This two-story building is located at and in the side of a hill soas not to detract from the imposing presence of the Genocide Monument nearby.The roof of the building is flat and covered by concrete tiles. It serves as ascenic view point overlooking the Ararat valley and Mount Ararat.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The first floor of the Museum is below grade andhouses administrative, engineering and technical maintenance offices andspaces, a 170-seat hall (Komitas Hall), storage rooms for museum and scientificobjects, a library and a reading hall. The Museum exhibit is mounted in thesecond floor in a space which is over 1000 square meters. It occupies threeindoor halls and one outdoor hall and its hallway. An eight meters long andthree meters wide basalt stone lies on the floor of the outdoor hall and thehallway. The outdoor hall symbolizes the eternal memory of the victims of the1915 Genocide and the unity of the Armenian people spread throughout the world.It also expresses the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The western wall of the Museum's first exhibit hallhas a map engraved in stone which shows the historical Armenian Plateau andneighboring countries. It is bounded by the Black Sea in the north, the CaspianSea in the east, the Iranian Plateau in the south, and the Mediterranean Sea tothe southwest. The map shows the Armenian settlements on the territory ofWestern Armenia and Ottoman Turkey which existed until the massacres of theArmenians and the massive death marches which began in 1915. The map is ninemeters wide and five meters high.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Introductory Hall exhibits photographs andethnographic tables with information about the Armenian settlements andArmenian population figures in 1914 in Ottoman Turkey. They also containinformation on the number of Armenian churches and schools which werefunctioning in the region at that time. A composite of the tables there and inthe third hall provide a visitor with the following data, including thepopulation figures in 1914 before the Genocide (See the following charts).
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Name of Armenian Region and settlement (1914)
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Number
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> of Armenian settlements (1914)<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Number
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> of Armenian Churches (1914)<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Number
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> of Armenian Schools (1914)<span Arial",«sans-serif»">1914 Population
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Erzerum
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">425
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">482
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">322
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">215,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Van
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">450
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">537
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">192
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">197,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Diarbekir
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">249
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">158
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">122
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">124,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Kharput
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">279
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">307
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">204
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">204,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Bitlis
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">618
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">671
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">207
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">220,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Sivas
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">241
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">219
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">204
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">225,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Trebizond
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">118
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">109
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">190
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">73,390
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Western
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> Anatolia<span Arial",«sans-serif»">237
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">281
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">300
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">371,800
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Cilicia
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> & Northern Syria<span Arial",«sans-serif»">187
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">537
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">176
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">309,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">European
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> Turkey<span Arial",«sans-serif»">58
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">67
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">79
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">194,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">TOTAL
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">2,925
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">3,368
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">1,996
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">2,133,190
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The second exhibit hall (700 square meters) presentseyewitness reports and documents about the massacres and atrocities perpetratedagainst the Armenians. The exhibit has many large photographs taken during1915-1917, archival documents, portraits of prominent Armenians, victims of theatrocities, friends of the Armenian people, and documentary films.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A special part of the exhibit is reserved for theoriginal documents issued by international organizations and parliaments offoreign countries condemning the Genocide.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Numerous different publications about the Armeniangenocide written in many languages are also exhibited.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">This hall also shows tables with data on the number ofArmenians living in different countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, America andAustralia after the Genocide. In the same hall a granite pedestal supportscrystal vases which hold earth from historic Armenian regions: Erzerum, Van,Baghesh (Bitlis), Sebastia (Sivas), Kharpert, and Tigranakert (Diarbekir). Italso holds the skull and bones of a young Armenian killed in the Der Zordesert. In the same hall, a granite tree with spreading branches symbolizes theeternity and rebirth of the Armenian people.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»; color:black">TOP
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The tables displayedin the third hall show the Armenian population figures in 1914 and 1922 (Seechart below).
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Arial",«sans-serif»">Name
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> of the Region<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Population
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> in 1914<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Deported
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> or Killed<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Population
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> in 1922<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Erzerum
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">215,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">213,500
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">1,500
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Van
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">197,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">196,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">500
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Diarbekir
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">124,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">121,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">3,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Kharput
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">204,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">169,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">35,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Bitlis
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">220,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">164,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">56,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Sivas
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">225,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">208,200
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">16,800
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Trebizond
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">73,390
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">58,390
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">5,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Western
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> Anatolia<span Arial",«sans-serif»">371,800
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">344,800
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">27,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Cilicia
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> & Northern Syria<span Arial",«sans-serif»">309,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">239,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">70,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">European
<span Arial",«sans-serif»"> Turkey<span Arial",«sans-serif»">194,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">31,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">163,000
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">TOTAL
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">2,133,190
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">1,745,390
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">387,800
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The last hall of the Museum is essentially an outdoorpatio, a traditional feature in old Armenian structures. A semicircular basaltwall is divided into twelve equal segments. Each of the segments contains asentence condemning the Armenian Genocide by prominent foreign politicians,diplomats, scientists, and writers of that period. The hall looks like acourtroom where eyewitnesses present their condemning evidence. The last wordbelongs to the visitor, who can make a judgement based on the materialspresented.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">