Реферат: Phrasal verbs

--PAGE_BREAK--1.3.3 Verbs with Postpositions

There are two key elements in this structure: the verb and the postposition. Phrasal verbs of this kind present the most difficulty as they are highly idiomatic, i.e. their meaning is not predictable from the meanings of their components, and they usually have several idiomatic meanings. Many verbs can be used as phrasal verbs with postpositions, but the most important and the most productive are the verbs of motion: break, bring, call, check, close, come, cut, do, drop, fall, get, give, go, look, make, move, pick, pull, push, put, run, set, show, take, tear, turn and some others. And the verb «be» — the biggest verb of English.

The meaning of a phrasal verb with a postposition is usually idiomatic, that is, different from the literal meanings of its components, for example:

This question is too difficult, I give up.

Watch out! The bus is coming!

The phrasal verb «give up» is idiomatic, because it means «stop trying to do something», not the sum of the literal meanings of the words «gives» and «up». The phrasal verb «watch out» is idiomatic, because it means «be careful», not the sum of the literal meanings of the words «watch» and «out».

A verb with a postposition may be without any noun after it, or there may be a direct or indirect object after it, for example: [2]

They broke in.

They broke in the door.

They broke in through the window.

When a pronoun is used instead of a noun, it usually stands between the verb and the postposition:

They brought up their three sons in Italy

They brought them up in Italy

Fill out the form. Fill it out.

In spoken English, a direct object in the form of a short noun or someone's name may also stand between the verb and the postposition:

Let in Anna Blake. Let Anna Blake in.

But the postposition shouldn't be placed too far from the verb or separated from it by intonation, because they create the meaning of the phrasal verb together.

Many verbs with postpositions, especially the verbs of motion, are also used in the literal meaning of the phrasal verb:

Put your boots out, I'll clean them.

Don't forget to put out the light before you leave.

Look up the new words.

He stopped reading and looked up.

The phrasal verb «put out» in the first sentence literally means «put outside» and is the sum of the meanings of «put» and «out». The phrasal verb «put out» in the second sentence is idiomatic, because it means «extinguish (the light, fire or cigarette)» and is not the sum of the literal meanings of «put» and «out».

The phrasal verb «look up» in the first sentence is idiomatic, because it means «find in a reference book» and is not the sum of the literal meanings of «look» and «up». The phrasal verb «look up» in the second sentence literally means «look up» and is the sum of the meanings of «look» and «up».

The literal meanings of verbs with postpositions present no difficulty for understanding. The literal meanings of the postpositions in such phrasal verbs often correspond to the meaning of prefixes in Russian verbs, for example: come in, go out, run out, give away, turn away, etc.

But verbs with postpositions very rarely, if ever, have only the literal meaning or only one meaning. Verbs with postpositions are verbs with several idiomatic meanings, and this means that they can be used in different situations instead of more specific verbs.

Verbs with postpositions are mostly used in simple tenses. Verbs with postpositions are usually less formal than their one-word synonyms and because of that they are widely used in conversational English.

There is a variation (or combination) of the two basic structures described above, in which a verb with a postposition takes a preposition and a suitable noun after it, for example:

I'm looking forward to your letter.

She walked out on him.

He is through with the report.

So, in the chapter one I tried to give common definition to verbs, its function on the English grammar. Also I gave a History and a definition of Phrasal verb and its categories, classification and the basic structure of Phrasal verbs.[6]


CHAPTER II. ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS LISTS.
2.1 List of Phrasal Verbs
In this chapter we tried to show different of the meanings of Phrasal verbs which depend on preposition: [7][4][10]

Phrasal verbs with the preposition "on" which express:

beginning something:

 come on Just as I entered the house, all the lights came on.

 catch onI don't think this strange new fashion catches on.

 bring onThe waiter brought the next dish on.

continuing with something:

 go on We begin work at 12 and go on till half-past one.

 keep on Keep on with your studies, however hard it

sometimes seems.

 stay on You're supposed to stop work here when you're 65,

but many people are allowed to stay on.

 drag on The writer dragged on an unhappy existence for many

years until in the end she killed herself.

«Progressing»

 move on Let's move on to the business of the meeting.

 get on It is getting on for supper-time.

 come on A storm is coming on.

«Wearing»

 put on He put his coat on hurriedly and ran out of the house.

 try on She tried on new dress and shoes

 throw on Mr. Smith threw on the coat and disappeared

 slip on He stopped only long enough to slip a coat on.

On — Other meanings

 look on Two men stole the jewels while a large crowd looked on

 pick on Pick on one job and get it done.

 take on Don't take on so!

 Phrasal Verbs with "In"

«Arriving/Entering»

 come in «Come in!» called the director when he heard the knock at his door.

 drop in Let's drop in on Jim and Mary

 pop in One of the guests popped in to say goodbye

 get in Please get the children in, their dinner's ready.

 check in Has Mr. Light checked in at the hotel yet?

 «Beginning»

 bring in We may have to bring extra workers in to help us with  this big job.

 phase inThe teacher phase in the children to the new game.

 set in Rain set in.

«Being involved»

 call inThe director has just called in to say that he'll be late.

 fill inI'm just filling in here temporarily.

 put in I put in two hours on my English studies every day.

 join in He joins in our conversation

 go in forHow long has Jim gone in for collection stamps?

«Collapsing/Surrendering»

 cave in The last firm he worked for caved in

 do in You'd better go ahead; I'm done in and must rest

here.

 give inThe two boys fought until one gave in.

chuck inJim has chucked in his studies.

«Understanding»

sink inYou could see how his cheeks had sunk in.

take inI was taken in by his appearance.

Phrasal Verbs with "Up"


"Increasing/Improving"

go upThe barometer is going up at a tremendous rate

grow upWhen Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman

pick upJim dropped his pen and bent to pick it up.

push upShops are no longer allowed to push up their prices

speed upThe tempo of music speeds up

bump upTwo more good results will bump up your average.

brush upI must brush up my French.

do upBut who is to do up your room every day?

dress upMary (was) dressed up for the party.

«Completing/Finishing»

use upJohn felt used up

clear upWhen you've finished your meal, please clear up the kitchen.

drink upDrink up, then I'll refill your glass.

end upBe careful, you could end up by getting hurt.

follow upThe director will follow up the committee's suggestions.

«Damaging/Disrupting»

blow upIt looks as if it's blowing up for severe weather.

break up Inspring the ice on the Great Lakes breaks up.

 wind upI'm afraid he's wound up.

 mess upShe really messed up my life.

 mix up My papers are all mixed up.

 slip up Someone must have slipped up.

 split up Can you split up this piece of wood?

«Happening/Creating»

 come up I'll let you know if anything comes up.

 bring up I was brought up to respect the law.

 come up with I had to run to come up with her.

 think up What have you been thinking up?

 make up These three articles make up the whole book.

«Approaching/Reaching»

go upI want to go up to London next week.

 draw up The train drew up in the station.

 catch up He spent six months catching up with his studies.

 face up to She is too young to face up to the truth about her father.

 live up to You must live up to law.

«Preparing/Arranging»

 warm up The sun warmed up the seat nicely

 draw up He soldiers were drawn up in battle lines.

 set up My father me set up a Mother's day.

 soften upYou go in and soften father up, and then I'll ask him for the money.

 fix up Can you fix up a meeting with the director?

 Other Meanings

 show up Show the doctor up when he comes.

 take up I will not take up any more of your time.

 put up with I can't put up with it any longer.

 make up for Your office must make up for a loss.

Phrasal Verbs with «Down»

«Decreasing/Reducing»

bring downThe gunners brought down three planes.

calm downCalm down, there's nothing to worry about.

 come down The plane came down safely in spite of the mist.

 cut down Your article will have to be cut down to fit into the book.

 die down The fire is dying down, put some more wood on!

 keep down If there's shooting going on, keep down.

 narrow down Let's narrow an argument down.

 play down Politicians have to learn to play down to the voters.

 slow down The severe snowstorm has slowed the traffic down.

 scale down The number of visitors scales down.

«Failing/Destroying»

break downThe police broke the door down.

 let down Don't let down now, just when the job's nearly finished.

 close down Darkness closed down on the city.

 step downThe quantity of medicine to be taken can be stepped down

 gradually after the first week.

 turn downWhy do you turn down the volume on the radio ?

 «Writing»

 take down Can you take down this address?

 jot downI must jot down that telephone number before I forget it.

 get down Get down every word she says.

 put down Would you put them down to my account?

 write downWrite down, please, this examples.

 scribble down I scribbled down the telephone number, and now I can't read it.

«Defeating/Collapsing»

 break down Peace talks have broken down in the Middle East.

 bring down Shopkeepers have been asked to bring down their prices.

 crack down The government has promised to crack down on criminal activity.

 hunt down We've been hunting down a good cheap house all over the city.

 knock down The price was knocked down to 3 dollars.

 wear down The record is worn down.

 Other Meanings

 get down to It's time we got down to work.

 look down onShe looked down on Jim and thought he was not worthy of her daughter.

 pin downIt is difficult to pin down the exact meaning of this verb.

 put down He put his heavy bag down on the ground.

 Phrasal Verbs with «Out»

«Outside/Leaving»

 break out Three men broke out of prison yesterday.

 go outI don't think you should out with that bad cold.

 move out When do you moved out?

 pop out I had just popped out for a breath of fresh air.

 set out He set out for work an hour ago.

check outI'm afraid old Charlie has checked out.

"Excluding/Removing"

cancel outHis good qualities and his faults cancel out.

cross outCross out the last two names, they're not members any more.

keep outDo keep children out of mischief.

kick outDon't kick the cat out like that, it's cruel.

leave outNo possibility must be left out.

 opt out It can not be that he opted out of society.

 pull out Аgood holiday will pull you out.

 rule out A sudden storm ruled out the boat race.

 throw out His master threw him out.

«Searching/Finding»

 check out I'm just going to check this book out of the library.

 find outWe should find out the truth.

 figure out Can you figure out this word?

 sound outCould you sound the director out on this question?

 try outDid Mr. Smith try out a plane?

 «Disappearing/Ending»

 fade out Fade out the last scene at the end.

 peter outThe climbers' efforts to reach the top petered out.

 phase out The makers have decided to phase out the production of this car.

 run outThe contract runs out next week.

 sell out Have you sold out all the tickets yet?

 wipe out The police men wipe out the enemy.

«Producing»(especially sounds, signals, etc.)

 blurt out Peter blurted out the news before he considered its effect.

 call out Jane call out when she saw her friend across the street.

 cry out Jane, don't cry one's heart out.

 let out He let out a cry of pain as the nail went into his foot.

 speak out Speak out, we can't hear you.

 spill outAt last he spill out the story of his part in the crime.

«Giving/Helping or Supporting»

 bear outThe prisoner's story was borne out by his wife.

 give outThe sun gives out light and heat to the earth.

 hand outHand out the question papers as the students enter.

 help out Can you help me out with my English homework?

 pass out How many of the young men passed out this year?

 point out The guide took us through the city, pointing interesting sights out.

Other Meanings

 carry out We all have certain duties and jobs to carry out.

 sort outWait till I get you outside, and I'll sort you out!

 stand out He stood out for better terms.

 take out He never takes me out.

 walk out onYou can't walk out on your family at a time like this.

Phrasal Verbs with «Off»

«Departing»

drop offMy top button has dropped off and I can't find it.

 get off We must be getting off now.

head offYour should head off a quarrel.

 see offAll the parents were at the railway station, seeing the children off to school.

 set off He set off for work an hour ago.

 take off He took me off to the garden. [17]


«Preventing/Rejecting»

fight offI must wear warm clothes, as I am fighting off this cold.

hold offWhy you hold your decision?

 keep off Keep off the subject!

 put offNever put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

 scare off Higher coffee prices are scaring off the customers.

 ward offThe fighter had to ward off a dangerous blow.[16]

    продолжение
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