Реферат: Alaska’s Wildlife: on the Verge of Extinction (Живая природа Штата Аляска на грани исчезновения)

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<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">“Alaska’sWildlife: on the Verge of

<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Extinction”

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<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Wildlife Species………………………………………4

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<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> Wildlife Problems……………………………………7

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<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Wildlife Center……………………………………….9

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<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Bibliography..…………………………………….….11<span Viner Hand ITC";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

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<span Elephant",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">INTRODUCTION

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Courier New»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">“Alaska’s mountains rise like walls; four seas andunimaginable distances form a mighty moat; and a patchwork of national parksand wildlife refuges protects more than a third of the state. It’s a fortressfor wildlife.”

Shielded from civilization, bears, wolves, moose, and caribou casttheir huge shadows from coast to coast, and musk oxen travel the far north likerefugees of the last ice age. Migratory birds flock river deltas each summer,and raptors prowl Alaskan skies year-round.

As with any fortress, wild Alaska’s perimeter is especially vulnerable.Tankers laden with oil from bays and coastal wetlands skirt the seaboard.Though now protected, endangered whales resist to rebuild their populations.Like sea lions and other marine mammals, they now must compete with massivetrawlers—floating factories—for the sea’s falling harvest.

In this research paper I would like to investigate extinction problem.Many facts I have found show that this problem is very urgent. I am not surethat everybody understands it but if more people realize this many problemswill be solved.    

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<span Elephant",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">ALASKA SPECIES

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Wildlifecan be found everywhere in Alaska, from cities where moose, bears and wolvesroam to more than 18 million acres designated by Congress as wilderness areasas part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. However, most refugesin Alaska require travel via air transport, making them difficult and expensiveto reach.

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<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Manyspecies in Alaska such as black and brown bears, wolves, moose and many othersare on the verge of Extinction. They are interesting in their own way. So,let’s learn about them more than we do.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Blackbears are usually smaller than brown bears. They can look alike, but there areseveral ways you can tell the bears apart. Black bears don't have a shoulderhump like brown bears. Black bears also have a straight face, compared to thebrown bear's bowl-shaped face. Their paws are different too. Black bears' clawsare short and curved and brown bears have longer, straighter claws. Black bearshave been known to live in every state, except Hawaii. They can be found inmost forested areas in Alaska.

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<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Likebrown bears, black bears hibernate in the winter. They start hibernating in thefall and come out of their dens in the spring. Their dens are found in hollowtrees or rocks. They also build dens on the ground. A person may walk rightover a bear den and not even know it, unless the bear wakes up, of course.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Mooselike bears can be brown or black but they have longer legs and larger body thanbears do. Alaska is full of moose. In Anchorage, you have a good chance of spottinga moose on the Coastal Trail or in Kincaid Park early in the morning or justbefore sunset. Moose like to roam along roads and highways that are close torivers and ponds. They also take walks through the city and neighborhoods.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Muskoxen look huger than bears and moose. They are large animals with humpedshoulders and dark brown shaggy fur that is so long it almost drags on theground. A light brown patch of fur is on their back. Their legs are also lightbrown. Musk oxen have horns that look like big curls on the sides of theirhead. During the winter, they use their hooves to dig through the snow forgrass to eat, but they try to stay in areas where the snow has blown away.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thefur on a musk ox helps it survive the cold and windy winters on the arctictundra. Under their brown shaggy fur is another layer of soft brownish fur thatkeeps them warm. Musk oxen have so much fur that if you were to shave it alloff, they would only be the size of a small cow.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Ifwe move from the forest to the beaches we will see walruses. They are big andthey eat a lot. Some can weigh up to two tons. They eat hundreds of pounds ofclams, mussels, snails and sea worms almost every day. Using tiny whiskers ontheir face, they feel around for food on the bottom of the sea. When they finda clam, they use their lips to suck the meat out of the shell.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Walruseschange color when they go in and out of the water. On land, they arereddish-brown and when they swim, their skin turns pink or white. Their skin isso tough and thick that only killer whales and polar bears can chew through it.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thepolar bears are the world’s largest land carnivore. The bears can weigh morethan 1,000 pounds. These “sea bears” are excellent swimmers. They use theirfront feet to dog paddle and their back legs to steer. But the walrus is fasterso can kill a polar bear by swimming under it and stabbing the bear with hislong ivory tusks.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Othersea species that you can see in Alaska are sea otters. They’ve been nicknamed“Old Man of the Sea” comes from the silver hairs and whitish-silvery head ofolder otters. The underfur is brown, dark brown or black; pale brown or silverguard hairs.    

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Puffin’snickname “Parrots of the Sea” because of their brightly colored beaks. Butthese birds aren’t always colorful. At the end of breeding season, their blackfeathers turn brown and their white face patches become dark, almost turningblack.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">So,it must be very interesting to know how species are breeding. First of all,males should attract female’s attention. For example, male walruses sing lovesongs to female walruses underwater. The songs sound like church bells. Theyalso grunt and snort, and they stink like pigs.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Whatis happing after that? As for puffins, both of parents incubate the single eggfor 42 to 47 days. After it hatches, the chick stays in the nest for another 45to 55 days, until it can fly. 

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thisis the variety of Alaska’s wildlife. Many species are so beautiful buteverything can’t be so good in our life. There is one “little” problem: EXTINCTION!             

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WILDLIFE PROBLEMS<span Rockwell",«serif»">

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">“Sincelife began on this planet, countless creatures have come and gone — renderedextinct by naturally changing physical and biological conditions.”

TheState of Alaska is frightened of extinction. More than 1,000 wolves killedevery year. Not a single wolf pack is protected from hunting and trappingthroughout its entire variety in Alaska. Trapping within and outside of thepark, cruelly impacts Denali National Park wolves, the longest studied and mostwidely viewed in the world. Trappers killed Denali’s Savage River pack, and thelast remaining female of the Headquarters’ pack. Nearly 12,000 grizzly bearswere killed in Alaska in the past 10 years. Alaska hunters kill about 22,000caribou every year.

Seaotters were nearly extinct due to heavy commercial harvests until the Fur SealTreaty of 1911 gave them full protection. An estimated 2,000 sea otters existedthen, compared to as many as 160,000 by the mid-1970s. Alaska Natives may stillhunt sea otters, which they use for food and other purposes.

Moosemeat is also a popular food among Alaskans. Between 6,000 and 8,000 moose arehunted every year. That’s 3.5 million pounds of meat. Some of meat from themoose that are hit and killed on highways is used to feed the hungry.

Puffinpopulations are abundant in Alaska, but they are declining in the Lower 48. Oilpollution and fishery conflicts are to blame for their decreasing numbers.Alaska Natives used to hunt the birds for food and clothing, making parkas outof puffin skins. Today federal and state laws protect their nesting colonies.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">TheState does not have accurate population figures for wolves, bears, lynx, foxand other species – yet thousands are legally killed each year. It is legal tohunt and trap on most National Park lands in Alaska. Though wildlife viewersrepresent over 80% of Alaskan’s, the Alaska Board of Game (Alaskawildlife-policy decision makers) consists entirely of hunters and trappers.Less than 3% of the Alaska Department of Fish & Game’s budget is devoted towildlife viewing.

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<span Arial Narrow",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Wolves Legally/Reported Killed

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Regulatory Year

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Number killed

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1988-89

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">858

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1989-90

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">941

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1990-91

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1089

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1991-92

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1162

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1992-93

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1051

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1993-94

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1583

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1994-95

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1457

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1995-96

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1230

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1996-97

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1280

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Every year the population of wolves decreases. According tothe table many poachers kill more and more wolves from year to year. Theproblem of killing wolves makes the government pay attention to the criticalsituation in Alaska.

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<span Elephant",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">WILDLIFECENTER

<span Times New Roman"">The problem of extinction worries Big Game Alaska WildlifeCenter. This center was created for helping animals, birds and mammals thatcan’t fight for surviving.

<span Times New Roman"">Last year Big Game Alaska Wildlife Center received moose,deer, black and grizzly bears, owls, bison musk ox and a variety of game arebirds to care for. Big Game Alaska is entirely self-supported and relies oncustomer support to continue its mission of wildlife rehabilitation.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Theoriginal members of Big Game's bison family were abandoned calves that had tobe bottle-fed. The largest, named Big Boy now weighs more than 1 ton.

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Bison aregregarious and live in herds whose range includes grasslands and openwoodlands. They have poor eyesight and depend on their sense of hearing andsmell.

Big Game Alaskahas cared for and stabilized a large number of moose, the largest member of thedeer family. Mattie, a 5-year-old cow moose was brought to Big Game when shewas less than 5-days-old. Stray dogs in Palmer, Alaska, killed her mother.Mattie has starred in more than 10 commercials and loves to eat bananas.Seymour, a 4-year-old bull, was brought to Big Game when he was 1-year-old andfaltering due to malnutrition.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Black-taileddeer are often orphaned in areas where there is active logging and the deer arerun over by trucks. Big Game has rehabilitated deer from the outermost tip ofSoutheast Alaska, as well as deer from the Prince William Sound area. Thesetiny fawns usually weigh less than 5 pounds when they arrive at the wildlifecenter.

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<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Black-taileddeer are smaller than their southern cousins. The antlers are similar to the muledeer, forking rather than all points coming from a single main beam. Theblack-tail deer is rarely found on the mainland of Alaska, preferring theislands of Alaska's coastal rain forests.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Caribouare rarely orphaned because another member of the herd will usually care forany calves who lose their mother. A number of Big Game's caribou were rescuedfrom islands that were overpopulated and could not sustain healthy animals. Toprevent starvation some animals were removed and Big Game shared in the rescueeffort.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">TheMusk Oxen is a member of the goat family. It is an arctic survivor with a thickcoat consisting of long (up to 36 inches) guard hairs covering a dense wintercoat of harvestable warm fur called Qiviut. Qiviut is considered to be one ofthe warmest material in the world.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Thetwo male musk oxen at Big Game Alaska are part of a research program inconjunction with the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of AlaskaFairbanks. The under wool is combed out in May and Qiviut products are sold inthe gift shop.

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<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Muskox populations have been drastically reduced in recent years. Hunted toextinction in Alaska in 1865 and successfully reintroduced with a small herdfrom Greenland in the 1930s

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<span Elephant",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">CONCLUSION

<span Rockwell",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Alaska is often called the last frontier and with goodreason, it contains some of the most remote and unexplored wilderness areasleft in the world today. Alaska has always seemed to draw those looking foradventure and the Wildlife and Nature lovers. Alaska is made up of many diverseecological regions and each has it's own special features that makes it aunique place.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">TheWildlife of Alaska is to me though, the most remarkable thing about «TheGreat Land», Seeing Eagle, Bear, Caribou and Moose on a daily basis nevergets old, it just amazes! But we shouldn’t forget that the beauty of Alaskaisn’t eternal. If we want to show our children where we lived we should takecare of animals, birds and mammals. The problem of extinction isn’t related toAlaska only. In our country this problem exists too.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">And inconclusion all of us should always remember the wise advice of a great Englishwriter John Galsworthy who said: “If you don’t think about the future you willnot have it.” 

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<span Elephant",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">BIBLIOGRAPHY

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-fareast-font-family:Rockwell;mso-bidi-font-family: Rockwell;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1.<span Times New Roman"">  

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Robert B.Weeden.Alaska. Promises to keep. – Boston, 1978.

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-fareast-font-family:Rockwell;mso-bidi-font-family: Rockwell;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">2.<span Times New Roman"">  

<span Rockwell",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Internet:

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<span Rockwell",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">www.akwildlife.org

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<span Rockwell",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">www.biggamealaska.com

·<span Times New Roman"">       

<span Rockwell",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">www.inalaska.com

·<span Times New Roman"">       

<span Rockwell",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">www.travelalaska.com

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