Реферат: Клонирование и анализ генов легких цепей иммуноглобулинов стерляди
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">24<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""><span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÂÛÄÅËÅÍÈÅÄÍÊ ÈÇÃÅËß.................................................................................................
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">27<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÂÛÄÅËÅÍÈÅËÅÉÊÎÖÈÒÎÂÈÇ ÊÐÎÂÈÐÛÁ.................................................................
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">28<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""><span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÂÛÄÅËÅÍÈÅÑÓÌÌÀÐÍÎÉÐÍÊ ÈÇËÅÉÊÎÖÈÒÎÂ.....................................................
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">40<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""><span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÑÐÀÂÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉÀÍÀËÈÇÏÅÐÂÈ×ÍÎÉÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ.............................................
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÂÛÂÎÄÛ
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÑÏÈÑÎÊËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">................................................................................................<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">49<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""><span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÑÏÈÑÎÊÑÎÊÐÀÙÅÍÈÉ
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÈÃ èììóíîãëîáóëèíû
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ïí ïàðíóêëåîòèäîâ
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">òïí òûñÿ÷ ïàðíóêëåîòèäîâ
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">å.à. åäèíèöààêòèâíîñòè
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÈÏÒÃ èçîïðîïèëòèîãàëàêòîçèä
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÒÅÌÅÄ N,N,N,'N'-òåòðàìåòèë-ýòèëåí-äèàìèí
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">òðèñ òðèñ(ãèäðîêñèìåòèë)àìèíîìåòàí
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">äÍTÔ äåçîêñèàäåíîçèíòðèôîñôàò
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ääÍÒÔ äèäåçîêñèíåêëåîòèäòðèôîñôàò
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">äÍÒÔ äåçîêñèíóêëåîòèäòðèôîñôàò
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ðATÔ ðèáîàäåíîçèíòðèôîñôàò
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÄÒÒ äèòèîòðåéòîë
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">Na2ÝÄÒÀ ýòèëåíäèàìèíòåòðààöåòàòíàòðèÿ
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">SDS äîäåöèëñóëüôàòíàòðèÿ
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">X-Gal 5-áðîìî-4-õëîðî-3-èíäîëèë-áåòà-D-ãàëàêòîçèä
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Âîñíîâåôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿãóìîðàëüíîãîèììóíèòåòàóìëåêîïèòàþùèõëåæèò ñëîæíûéêîìïëåêñìîëåêóëÿðíî-ãåíåòè÷åñêèõèôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõìåõàíèçìîâ,îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõðåîðãàíèçàöèþ,ìóòàãåíåç èêëîíàëüíóþýêñïðåññèþãåíîâèììóíîãëîáóëèíîâ.Âîçíèêíîâåíèåýòîéïîäñèñòåìûèììóíèòåòàñâÿçûâàþò ñïîÿâëåíèåìõðÿùåâûõ ðûá.
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Íàðàííèõýòàïàõýâîëþöèèãåíû Èà áûëèîðãàíèçîâàíûâ âèäåïîâòîðÿþùèõñÿêëàñòåðîâ V-J-Cãåííûõñåãìåíòîâ.Ïðè ïîäîáíîéîðãàíèçàöèèðàçíîîáðàçèåïðîäóöèðóåìûõàíòèòåëîñíîâûâàëîñü,ïðåæäå âñåãî,íàêîëè÷åñòâåèìåâøèõñÿ âãåíîìåêëàñòåðîâ,êàæäûé èçêîòîðûõêîäèðîâàëîäèíâàðèàíòïîëèïåïòèäíûõñóáúåäèíèöÈÃ.  õîäåäàëüíåéøåéýâîëþöèèïðîèçîøåëïåðåõîä îòêëàñòåðíîéêñåãìåíòàðíîéîðãàíèçàöèè,îáåñïå÷èâàþùåéäîïîëíèòåëüíûéèñòî÷íèêðàçíîîáðàçèÿçà ñ÷åò êîìáèíàòèâíîéðåêîìáèíàöèèãåííûõ ñåãìåíòîâ.Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ,÷òî ýòîòïåðåõîä òàêæåèìåë âàæíîåçíà÷åíèåäëÿ ðåãóëÿöèèýêñïðåññèèãåíîâ èîñóùåñòâëåíèÿìåõàíèçìîâêëîíàëüíîãîîòáîðààíòèòåëîïðîäóöèðóþùèõêëåòîê â õîäåèììóííîãîîòâåòà.
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Íàñòîÿùàÿðàáîòàïðåäñòàâëÿåòñîáîé ÷àñòüïðîåêòà,íàïðàâëåííîãîíà èçó÷åíèåýâîëþöèèìåõàíèçìîâèçîòèïè÷åñêîãîèñêëþ÷åíèÿãåíîâëåãêèõ öåïåéÈà ó íèçøèõïîçâîíî÷íûõ.Öåëÿìèðàáîòûÿâëÿëèñüèçó÷åíèåñòðóêòóðû èîðãàíèçàöèèãåíîâ ëåãêèõöåïåé ÈÃñòåðëÿäè (Acipenser ruthenus),ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèäðåâíåéãðóïïûêîñòíî-õðÿùåâûõðûá.
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">ÎÁÇÎÐËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅÈÌÌÓÍÎÃËÎÁÓËÈÍÎÂ
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Èììóíîãëîáóëèíûâûïîëíÿþò âîðãàíèçìå ïîçâîíî÷íûõôóíêöèþãóìîðàëüíûõàíòèòåë èàíòèãåí-ñâÿçûâàþùèõðåöåïòîðîâÂ-ëèìôîöèòîâ.Îñîáåííîñòüþýòîãîêëàññàáåëêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿîãðîìíîåðàçíîîáðàçèå,ïîçâîëÿþùååèì âñòóïàòüâîâçàèìîäåéñòâèåñ ôàêòè÷åñêèëþáûìèáèîëîãè÷åñêèìèìàêðîìîëåêóëàìè.
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Òèïè÷íàÿìîëåêóëà ÈÃñîñòîèò èçäâóõ èäåíòè÷íûõòÿæåëûõ (H) èäâóõèäåíòè÷íûõëåãêèõ (L)ïîëèïåïòèäíûõöåïåé. H- è L-öåïèïîñòðîåíûèçíåñêîëüêèõäîìåíîâ,êàæäûé èçêîòîðûõñîñòîèòïðèìåðíî èç 110àìèíîêèñëîòíûõîñòàòêîâ. Óìëåêîïèòàþùèõñóùåñòâóåòïÿòü êëàññîâH-öåïåé:
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"; mso-hansi-font-family:«NTTimes/Cyrillic»;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">g<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">,m, <span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-hansi-font-family: «NTTimes/Cyrillic»;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol">a<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">,<span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-hansi-font-family: «NTTimes/Cyrillic»;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol">d<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">,è <span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-hansi-font-family: «NTTimes/Cyrillic»;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol">e<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">.Êàæäàÿ H-öåïüïîñòðîåíàèç îäíîãîN-êîíöåâîãî èíåñêîëüêèõ (òðåõèëè ÷åòûðåõ)C-êîíöåâûõäîìåíîâ.N-êîíöåâûåäîìåíûðàçëè÷àþòñÿâ ðàçíûõìîëåêóëàõ èíàçûâàþòñÿâàðèàáåëüíûìè(V) äîìåíàìè.C-êîíöåâûåäîìåíûèìåþòîäèíàêîâóþñòðóêòóðó óìîëåêóëîäíîãîêëàññà èíàçûâàþòñÿêîíñòàíòíûìè(Ñ) äîìåíàìè(ðèñ. 1) (Ïîë, 1987).<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> ÑðåäèL-öåïåéìëåêîïèòàþùèõðàçëè÷àþòäâà òèïà:ëÿìáäà èêàïïà. ÊàæäàÿL-öåïü ñîñòîèòèç îäíîãîâàðèàáåëüíîãîè îäíîãîêîíñòàíòíîãîäîìåíîâ. Âèíäèâèäóàëüíîéìîëåêóëå ÈÃïðèñóòñòâóåòòîëüêî îäèíòèï L-öåïè (Roitt et al., 1993).
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> ÃèãàíòñêîåðàçíîîáðàçèåÈÃîáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿïðåæäå âñåãîòåì, ÷òî V è Cîáëàñòèêîäèðóþòñÿðàçíûìèãåíàìè (ãåííûìèñåãìåíòàìè),ôèçè÷åñêèðàçíåñåííûìèâçàðîäûøåâîéÄÍÊ.
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">Âôîðìèðîâàíèèâàðèàáåëüíûõäîìåíîâ H-öåïåéó÷àñòâóþòòðè ãåííûõñåãìåíòà:âàðèàáåëüíûé(V), D-ñåãìåíò (îòàíãë. diversity-ðàçíîîáðàçèå)è J-ñåãìåíò(îò àíãë. joining-ñîåäèíÿþùèé).Ñ-îáëàñòèÍ-öåïåéðàçíûõêëàññîâêîäèðóþòñÿ îòäåëüíûìèãåíàìè (Roitt et al., 1993).
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Ðèñ. 1.Ñõåìàñòðîåíèÿìîëåêóëûèììóíîãëîáóëèíà.
<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Òèïè÷íàÿìîëåêóëàèììóíîãëîáóëèíàñîäåðæèò äâåèäåíòè÷íûåëåãêèå (L) è äâåèäåíòè÷íûåòÿæåëûå (H)öåïè,ñâÿçàííûåìåæäó ñîáîéêîâàëåíòíîäèñóëüôèäíûìèñâÿçÿìè. ÊàæäàÿL-öåïüñîñòîèò èçîäíîãîâàðèàáåëüíîãî(
VL<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">)è îäíîãîêîíñòàíòíîãî(ÑL<span NTTimes/Cyrillic"">)äîìåíà.Í-öåïüñîñòîèò èçîäíîãî VH èíåñêîëüêèõ CÍäîìåíîâ. <span NTTimes/Cyrillic";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Âôîðìèðîâàíèèçðåëîãîãåíà L-öåïèó÷àñòâóþòòðè ãåííûõñåãìåíòà:V-ñåãìåíò èJ-ñåãìåíòêîäèðóþòV-äîìåí,C-ñåãìåíòêîäèðóåò êîíñòàíòíûéäîìåí. Íàïîçäíèõñòàäèÿõ ðàçâèòèÿÂ-ëèìôîöèòàãåííûåñåãìåíòû,êîäèðóþùèåâàðèàáåëüíûåäîìåíû,îáúåäèíÿþòñÿâ ðàçëè÷íûõñî÷åòàíèÿõ,îáðàçóÿìàòðèöó äëÿýêñïðåññèè L-è H-öåïåé (Seidman et al., 1979; Durdik etal., 1984).
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> ÃÅÍÎÌÍÀßÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈßÈÝÊÑÏÐÅÑÑÈßÃÅÍΠL-ÖÅÏÅÉÈà ÓÌËÅÊÎÏÈÒÀÞÙÈÕ
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<span NTTimes/Cyrillic""> Ðàçëè÷íûåâèäûìëåêîïèòàþùèõèìåþò ñõîäíóþñõåìóîðãàíèçàöèèèýêñïðåññèèãåíîâ ÈÃ.Îäíèì èçíàèáîëååèçó÷åííûõ âýòîìîòíîøåíèèâèäîâÿâëÿåòñÿ÷åëîâåê. Ëÿìáäàè êàïïà öåïèÈà ó÷åëîâåêàêîäèðóþòñÿ ãåíàìè,ðàñïîëîæåíûìèâ ðàçíûõëîêóñàõ è íàðàçíûõõðîìîñîìàõ.Êàïïà ëîêóññîñòîèò èçáîëüøîãîêîëè÷åñòâà V
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