Реферат: Новая и новейшая история религия

<span Times New Roman Rus"">ÍÎÂÀßÈ ÍÎÂÅÉØÀßÈÑÒÎÐÈß

<span Times New Roman Rus"">

<span Times New Roman Rus"">ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÀßÐÀÁÎÒÀ ( âàðèàíò¹ 2)

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">(

<span Times New Roman Rus"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">III <span Times New Roman Rus"">ÊÓÐÑ,ÇÀÎ×ÍÎÅÎÒÄÅËÅÍÈÅ, 1996 / 1997 ã.)

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">ÔÀÊÓËÜÒÅÒ:ÊÀÒÅÕÈÇÀÒÎÐÑÊÈÉ.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Ô.È.Î.ñòóäåíòà: ÃîðáóíîâÄìèòðèéÀëåêñàíäðîâè÷.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Äàòàâûïîëíåíèÿðàáîòû: 27.01.1997.

<span Times New Roman Rus"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»; color:black">1. <span Times New Roman""> 

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black"> ÷åìñîñòîèòáóðæóàçíûéõàðàêòåð ñòàòüè“Ðåëèãèÿ” èçýíöèêëîïåäèèÄ.Äèäðî? Êàêîâûâ íåé íîâûå,ïîñðàâíåíèþñî Ñðåäíåâåêîâüåì,èäåè? Êàêèåñîöèàëüíûåãðóïïû ÿâëÿþòñÿíîñèòåëÿìè(âûðàçèòåëÿìè)òàêèõ èäåé?

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Äàííóþñòàòüþìîæíîîõàðàêòåðèçîâàòüêàêáóðæóàçíóþ,òàê êàêðåëèãèÿðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿçäåñü ñòî÷êèçðåíèÿêðàéíåãî ñóáúåêòèâèçìà.È ÿâíîåïðåäïîä÷òåíèåîòäàåòñÿ“ïðèðîäíîé”,“åñòåñòâåííîé”ðåëèãèè — äåèçìó,êîãäà÷åëîâåê âñâîåéäåÿòåëüíîñòèâûíîñèò çàñêîáêè Áîãàèîñíîâûâàåò æèçíåííûåèäåàëû íàñóãóáîçåìíîì, “ãóìàíèòàðíîì”ìèðîâîççðåíèè. ýòîìñëó÷àå, ïîñëîâàìÃâàðäèíè, “âñ¸,÷òî ìîæåòáûòüâûâåäåíî èçëè÷íîñòè, èëèñóáúåêòà,ïðèçíàåòñÿîêîí÷àòåëüíûì,àíàëîãè÷íîòîìó, êàêïðèðîäàñòàëà èñòî÷íèêîìïîçíàíèÿ, àåñòåñòâåííîñòü- öåííîñòíûìêðèòåðèåì”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]

,ò.å.äåÿòåëüíîñòüñóáúåêòàîáðàùåíà íàîêðóæàþùèéìèð è èì æå èîöåíèâàåòñÿ.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Çäåñüåù¸ñîõðàíÿåòñÿìîðàëüíûéäîëã ïåðåä“âûñøèìñóùåñòâîì”,íîïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîåïðèíÿòèåèäåé äåèçìàíåèçìåííîïðèâîäèò êàòåèçìó,÷òî ìû èâèäèì íàïðèìåðå æèçíåííîãîïóòè Äèäðî.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Äåèçìõàðàêòåðèçóåòñòðåìëåíèåçàêëþ÷èòüÁîãà íàíåäîñÿãàåìûõâûñîòàõ, îñâîáîäèòüñÿîò Åãîâëèÿíèÿ íàóìû ÷åëîâå÷åñòâàè ñòðîèòüñâîþ æèçíü èæèçíü îáùåñòâàíà îñíîâåñîáñòâåííûõèäåé“çäðàâîãîñìûñëà”,äîõîäÿùèõïîðîé äîóòèëèòàðèçìà.Áîã äëÿ íèõòîëüêîáåçëè÷íàÿÏåðâîïðè÷èíà,ñëèøêîìâåëèêàÿ,÷òîáûîïóñêàòüñÿ äîòâàðíîãîìèðà.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Âñòàòüå ÿñíîïðîñòóïàþòîñíîâíûåìèðîâîçðåí÷åñêèåèäåè Íîâîãîâðåìåíè:

<span Monotype Sorts"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»; color:black">4<span Times New Roman"">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">ñòðåìëåíèåîòêàçàòüñÿîòíàâÿçûâàåìîãîÁîãîìÎòêðîâåíèÿ,“ñóùåñòâîâàíèåè èñòèííîñòü”,êîòîðîãîíàäî åù¸äîêàçàòü;

<span Monotype Sorts"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»; color:black">4<span Times New Roman"">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">îáðàùåíèåê ïðèðîäå, êàêê ñàìîäîñòàòî÷íîìóèñòî÷íèêóåñòåñòâåííîéèñòèíû;

<span Monotype Sorts"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»; color:black">4<span Times New Roman"">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">îòêàçîòàâòîðèòàðíîãîîáðàçàìûøëåíèÿ,õàðàêòåðíîãîäëÿÑðåäíåâåêîâüÿ,êðèòè÷åñêîåîñìûñëåíèåäåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè,îñíîâàííîåíàñîîáðàæåíèÿõñîáñòâåííîãîðàññóäêà;

<span Monotype Sorts"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»; color:black">4<span Times New Roman"">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">“Ìèðïåðåñòà¸òáûòü òâàðüþèñòàíîâèòñÿ“ïðèðîäîé”;÷åëîâå÷åñêîåäåëîïåðåñòàåòáûòüñëóæåíèåìÒâîðöó, èñàìîñòàíîâèòñÿ“òâîðåíèåì”,“òâîð÷åñòâîì”,÷åëîâåê,ïðåæäå ñëóãàè ðàá,ñòàíîâèòñÿ“ñîçèäàòåëåì”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2].

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">ÌàêñÂåáåð âñòàòüå“Ïðîòåñòàíñêàÿýòèêà è äóõêàïèòàëèçìà”ïèøåò îñóùåñòâîâàâøåé “íàçàðå êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêîãîðàçâèòèÿ” “ñâÿçèìåæäóóìåíèåìëþäåéïðèñïîñîáèòüñÿêêàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêîìóïðîèçâîäñòâóè èõðåëèãèîçíîéíàïðàâëåííîñòüþ”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]

.Íåîáõîäèìîåïðèêàïèòàëèçìåîòíîøåíèå êñâîåéïðîôåññèèêàê ê“ïðèçâàíèþ”,êàê ê íåïðåëîæíîìóäîëãó èåäèíñòâåííîìóñìûñëóñóùåñòâîâàíèÿáåçóñëîâíîòðåáîâàëîðåëèãèîçíîéîñíîâû. Îäèíèç ÿðêèõïðîïîâåäíèêîâ“äóõàêàïèòàëèçìà”Á. Ôðàíêëèí — “äåèñòáåçêàêîé-ëèáîêîíôåññèîíàëüíîéíàïðàâëåííîñòè”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]è, ÷òîõàðàêòåðíî,ñûíñòðîãîãîêàëüâèíèñòà,ëþáèâøåãîïîâòîðÿòü: “Âèäåëëè òû ÷åëîâåêà,ïðîâîðíîãî âñâîåì äåëå?Îí áóäåò ñòîÿòüïðåä öàðÿìè”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5].ÈìåííîðåëèãèîçíûåïëîäûÐåôîðìàöèèçàëîæèëèîñíîâó äëÿòàêîãîîòíîøåíèÿ÷åëîâåêà êñâîåéìèðñêîéäåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ñðåäíèåâåêà “ñâîáîäíîåïðèîáðåòàòåëüñòâî”áûëî “ýòè÷åñêèèíäèôôåðåíòíûì”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]ÿâëåíèåì, èòîëüêîÐåôîðìàöèÿâîçâåëà â àáñîëþò“ìèðñêîéïðîôåññèîíàëüíûéòðóä èðåëèãèîçíîåâîçäàÿíèåçà íåãî”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7].Ëþòåð â õîäåñâîåéïðîïîâåäíè÷åñêîéäåÿòåëüíîñòèâñ¸ áîëååñêëîíÿëñÿ êòîìó, ÷òî “âûïîëíåíèåìèðñêèõîáÿçàííîñòåéñëóæèò ïðèëþáûõîáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõåäèíñòâåííûìñðåäñòâîìáûòüóãîäíûì Áîãó,÷òî ýòî — èòîëüêî ýòî — äèêòóåòñÿáîæåñòâåííîéâîëåé è ÷òîïîýòîìó âñåäîçâîëåííûåïðîôåññèèðàâíû ïåðåäÁîãîì”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8].

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Ãëàâíûìíîñèòåëåìýòèõ èäåéáûë âûõîäÿùèéíàèñòîðè÷åñêóþàðåíóñðåäíèéñëîé, ïîñëîâàìÌ.Âåáåðà ýòîáûëè “íåòîëüêî è íåñòîëüêîêàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèåïðåäïðèíèìàòåëèèç êðóãîâòîðãîâîãî ïàòðèöèàòà,ñêîëüêîïîäíèìàþùèåñÿñðåäíèå ñëîèðåìåñëåííèêîâ”<span Times New Roman Rus";mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]

. Ñðåäíåâåêîâûåýòè÷åñêèå,ïîëèòè÷åñêèåèýêîíîìè÷åñêèåðàìêè óæå íåóñòðàèâàëèýòè êëàññû.Ïîýòîìó äëÿäàëüíåéøåãîðàçâèòèÿêàïèòàëèçìàíåîáõîäèìáûëðåâîëþöèîííûéïåðåâîðîòñîçíàíèÿ, êîòîðûéè ïðîèçîøåë,îçíàìåíîâàâñîáîé íà÷àëîÍîâîãîâðåìåíè.

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">

<span Times New Roman Rus"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»; color:black">2. <span Times New Roman""> 

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">Êàêîâûïðè÷èíûñðûâàìîñêîâñêèõ(1939 ã.) ïåðåãîâîðîâìåæäóâîåííûìèäåëåãàöèÿìèÂåëèêîáðèòàíèè,Ôðàíöèè èÑÑÑÐ?<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Âñâÿçè ñíåóñòîé÷èâîéâîåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîéîáñòàíîâêîéëåòîì 1939 ã.ÑîâåòñêèéÑîþçîäíîâðåìåííîäåéñòâîâàëâ äâóõ âçàèìîèñêëþ÷àþùèõíàïðàâëåíèÿõ:ïîèñê ñáëèæåíèÿñ çàïàäíûìèäåìîêðàòèÿìè(Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿè Ôðàíöèÿ) èñîþçà ñôàøèñòñêîéÃåðìàíèåé.Ïðè÷åì çàêóëèñíûåòàéíûåïåðåãîâîðûïðîâîäèëèñüè ìåæäóËîíäîíîì,Ïàðèæåì èÁåðëèíîì, èìåæäó ÑÑÑÐ èÃåðìàíèåé.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">ÃëàâíûìïðåäìåòîìïåðåãîâîðîâÑÑÑÐ, Àíãëèèè Ôðàíöèèáûëàðàññòàíîâêàñèë â ñëó÷àåíà÷àëàâîåííûõäåéñòâèé âñâÿçè ñ âîçìîæíîéãåðìàíñêîéàãðåññèåé.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">17àïðåëÿ 1939 ã.ÑÑÑÐïðåäëîæèëçàêëþ÷èòüòðåõñòîðîííååñîãëàøåíèå,îõâàòûâàâøååñâîèìäåéñòâèåìâñþÂîñòî÷íóþÅâðîïó.  òîò æåäåíüñîâåòñêèéïîñîë âÁåðëèíåïîñòàâèë âèçâåñòíîñòüãåðìàíñêîåïðàâèòåëüñòâîî æåëàíèèÑîâåòñêîãîÑîþçàóñòàíîâèòüñàìûåõîðîøèå îòíîøåíèÿñ Ãåðìàíèåé.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Çàïàäíûåñòðàíûòàêæåñòðåìèëèñüèçâëå÷üìàêñèìàëüíóþâûãîäó èçâîçìîæíîãîñîþçà ñÃåðìàíèåéèëèÑîâåòñêèìÑîþçîì è â òîæå âðåìÿïðåäîòâðàòèòüñîâåòñêî-ãåðìàíñêîåñáëèæåíèå.Âñ¸ áîëååðåàëüíîéñòàíîâèëàñüâîçìîæíîñòüïîâòîðåíèÿÌþíõåíñêîãîñîãëàøåíèÿ 1938ã., êîãäàÃåðìàíèè áûëàîòäàíàÑóäåòñêàÿîáëàñòü, íîñåé÷àñ óæåýòà ó÷àñòüãðîçèëàÏîëüøå.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Ïîýòîìó1 èþíÿ, ïîñëåïóáëèêàöèèâ “Ïðàâäå” êðèòè÷åñêîéñòàòüè îïîçèöèèçàïàäíûõ äåðæàâ,Àíãëèÿ èÔðàíöèÿïðåäëîæèëèâêëþ÷èòüáàëòèéñêèåãîñóäàðñòâàâ ñôåðóäåéñòâèÿ“âîñòî÷íîéãàðàíòèè”ïðè óñëîâèè“çàïàäíîéãàðàíòèè” âîòíîøåíèèØâåéöàðèè,Ãîëëàíäèè èËþêñåìáóðãà.Íî òàê êàêóïîìèíàâøèåñÿãîñóäàðñòâàíå æåëàëèòàêèõãàðàíòèé, òîÑÑÑÐ îòêàçàëñÿîò ýòîãîñîãëàøåíèÿ.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">ÃëàâíûìäëÿÑîâåòñêîãîÑîþçà áûëîäîáèòüñÿãàðàíòèéòîãî, ÷òîÏðèáàëòèêàíà îêàæåòñÿâ ðóêàõÃåðìàíèè èïîëó÷èòüïðàâî ââîäèòüâîéñêà íàòåððèòîðèþÏîëüøè è Ðóìûíèèäëÿ ïðîõîäà êãåðìàíñêèìãðàíèöàì.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Äëÿïðîäîëæåíèÿçàøåäøèõ âòóïèêïåðåãîâîðîâ 11àâãóñòà âÌîñêâóïðèáûëèäåëåãàöèè Àíãëèèè Ôðàíöèè,ñîñòîÿùèå âîñíîâíîì èç÷èíîâíèêîâíèçêîãîðàíãà ñâåñüìàòóìàííûìèïîëíîìî÷èÿìè.Ïðåäìåòîìîáñóæäåíèÿïî-ïðåæíåìóîñòàâàëèñüâîïðîñûêîëè÷åñòâàâûñòàâëÿåìûõäèâèçèé,ãàðàíòèèîêàçàíèÿïîìîùè,ïðàâàïðîõîäàñîâåòñêèõâîéñê ÷åðåçòåððèòîðèèÏîëüøè èÐóìûíèè ê ãðàíèöàìÃåðìàíèè.Äåëåãàöèèíå èìåëè ïðàâàîáñóæäàòüäàííûåâîïðîñû,ïîýòîìó ïåðåãîâîðûèñêóññòâåííîçàòÿãèâàëèñüè 21 àâãóñòàáûëèïåðåíåñåíûíà áîëååïîçäíèé ñðîê.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Ïàðàëëåëüíîñîâåòñêèåäèïëîìàòûâåëè ïåðåãîâîðûñ Ãåðìàíèåé.14 àâãóñòàÐèááåíòðîïñîîáùèë îãîòîâíîñòèïðèáûòü âÌîñêâó äëÿçàêëþ÷åíèÿâûãîäíîãîïîëèòè÷åñêîãîñîãëàøåíèÿ. 19àâãóñòàáûëî ïîäïèñàíîòîðãîâîåñîãëàøåíèå,âûãîäíîå ÑîâåòñêîìóÑîþçó. Ïîñëåóòî÷íåíèé èêîððåêòèâ 23àâãóñòà âÌîñêâå áûëïîäïèñàíäîãîâîð îíåíàïàäåíèèñðîêîì íà 10ëåò, ñîäåðæàùèéñåêðåòíûéïðîòîêîëîðàçäåëå ñôåðâëèÿíèÿ âÂîñòî÷íîéÅâðîïå.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Òàêèìîáðàçîì,âûáîð áûëñäåëàí èçàêëþ÷åíèåñîâåòñêî-ãåðìàíñêîãîïàêòàïðèâåëî êïðåêðàùåíèþâñåõêîíòàêòîâìåæäó Àíãëèåé,Ôðàíöèåé èÑÑÑÐ, îòçûâóàíãëèéñêîéè ôðàíöóçñêîéäåëåãàöèéèç Ìîñêâû,õîòÿ ñîâåòñêîåðóêîâîäñòâîèïðåäïîëàãàëîäåêëàðàòèâíîïðîäîëæèòüïåðåãîâîðû.

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">

<span Times New Roman Rus"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»; color:black">3. <span Times New Roman""> 

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">ÎñíîâíûåèòîãèÂòîðîéìèðîâîéâîéíû.<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Îñíîâíûåïðèíöèïûïîñëåâîåííîãîóñòðîéñòâàìèðàîáñóæäàëèñüíàêîíôåðåíöèÿõ“Áîëüøîéòðîéêè” âßëòå (ôåâðàëü1945 ã.) è Ïîòñäàìå(èþëü-àâãóñò1945 ã.).  ßëòåáûëèðàçäåëåíûñôåðûâëèÿíèÿ — êÑÑÑÐîòõîäèëèÏîëüøà,×åõîñëîâàêèÿ,Âåíãðèÿ,Áîëãàðèÿ.ÃðàíèöûÏîëüøè óñòàíàâëèâàëèïî “ëèíèèÊåðçîíà”,áûëî ïðèíÿòîðåøåíèå îôîðìèðîâàíèèïðàâèòåëüñòâàèîðãàíèçàöèèñâîáîäíûõâûáîðîâ.Ãåðìàíèÿðàçáèâàëàñüíà çîíûàíãëèéñêîé,àìåðèêàíñêîé,ôðàíöóçñêîéè ñîâåòñêîéîêêóïàöèè. Âîáìåí íàòåððèòîðèàëüíûåïðèîáðåòåíèÿ(Êóðèëüñêèåîñòðîâà, ÞæÑàõàëèí) èýêîíîìè÷åñêèåëüãîòû ÑÑÑÐñîãàñèëñÿíà îòêðûòèåâîåííûõ äåéñòâèéïðîòèâßïîíèè. Áûëèíàìå÷åíûäåíåæíûåðàçìåðûðåïàðòàöèè âïîëüçó ÑÑÑÐ (10ìëðä.$).

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">ÑîãëàñíîðåøåíèèþÏîñòäàìñêîéêîíôåðåíöèèÃåðìàíèÿïîòåðÿëà 1/4÷àñòü ñâîåéòåððèòîðèè c 9ìëí.Íàñåëåíèåìïîñîñòàÿíèþíà 19938 ã. Âîñò.Ïðóññèÿ ñ ã.ʸíèãñáåðãáûëà îòäàíàÑÑÑÐ, îñòàëüíàÿ÷àñòü — Ïîëüøå. Îáùàÿñóììàðåïàðòàöèéáûëàîïðåäåëåíà â 20ìëðä $,ïîëîâèíó èçêîòîðûõïîëó÷àëÑÑÑÐ.Ãåðìàíèÿáûëàðàçäåëåíàíà 3 çîíû (ñóñëîâèåìâûïîëíåíèÿäîïîëíèòåëüíîéòåððèòîðèèÔðàíöèè ïî å¸æåëàíèþ), íàòåððèòîðèèñîâåòñêîéîêêóïàöèèíàõîäèëñÿÁåðëèí, òàêæåðàçäåëåííûéíà çîíû îêêóïàöèèñòðàí-ïîáåäèòåëüíèö.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">2ñåíòÿáðÿêàïèòóëèðîâàëàßïîíèÿ èñôåðà âëèÿíèÿÑîâåòñêîãîÑîþçàðàñïðîñòðàíèëàñüíà Ñåâ. Êîðåþè Êèòàé.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Îñíîâíîåáðåìÿ âîéíûâûíåñÑîâåòñêèé Ñîþç.Ïðÿìîéìàòåðèàëüíûéóùåðáäîñòèã ïî÷òè1/3 âñåãîíàöèîíàëüíîãîáîãàòñòâàñòðàíû,ïîãèáëî äî 27ìëí. ÷åëîâåê.ÏîòåðèÃåðìàíèè óáèòûìèñîñòàâèëèìåíåå 14 ìëí.,ÑØÀ è Àíãëèè- ïî íåñêîëüêîñîòåí òûñÿ÷÷åëîâåê.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Â 1945 ã.áûëèñîçäàíû ÎÎÍ,Âàëþòíûéôîíä è Ìåæäóíàðîäíûéáàíêðåêîíñòðóêöèèè ðàçâèòèÿ — îðãàíèçàöèè,ñïîñîáñòâóþùèåïîâûøåíèþñòàáèëüíîñòèèâçàèìîïîìîùèâ ìèðå.

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Îäíèìèç ãëàâíûõèòîãîââîéíû ñòàëàíîâàÿãåîïîëèòè÷åñêàÿñèòóàöèÿ,õàðàêòåðèçîâàâøàÿñÿíàðàñòàíèåìïðîòèâîñòîÿíèÿâåäóùèõêàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõãîñóäàðñòâèÑîâåòñêîãîÑîþçà. Ìèððàçäåëèëñÿíà äâà ëàãåðÿ(ÍÀÒÎ è ÑÝ â 1949ã.) ïî ãðàíèöå,óñòàíîâëåííîéâ ßëòå.

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">

<span Times New Roman Rus"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman Rus»; color:black">4. <span Times New Roman""> 

<span Times New Roman Rus"; color:black">Ñîñòàâèòüêðàòêèåñëîâàðíûåñòàòüè (äàòûæèçíè,êðàòêèåáèîãðàôè÷åñêèåñâåäåíèÿ,ðîëü âèñòîðèè) êñëåäóþùèìèìåíàì:

<span Monotype Sorts"; mso-fareast-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Monotype Sorts»; color:black">2<span Times New Roman"">  

<span Times New Roman Rus";color:black">Âàëåíñà,Ëåõ (1943- )Ïîëüñêèéïðîôñîþçíûéäåÿòåëü,ïðåçèäåíòÏîëüøè ñ 1990.Îñíîâàòåëüïðîôñîþçà“Ñîëèäàðíîñòü”â 1980,îðãàíèçàöèè,íå çàâèñÿùåéîòêîìïàðòèè,áîðîâøåéñÿïðîòèâ ïîëüñêîãîïðàâèòåëüñòâàâ 19800 — 81; âðåçóëüòà
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