Реферат: Развитие жизни на Земле
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Рис. 1
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Пример найденных ископаемых останков простейших
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.2.Реконструкция фауны Эдиакары:
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">1—10—
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">кишечно-полостные<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line">; <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line">11<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">14—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">плоские и кольчатые черви<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line">;<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line">15<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">16—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">членистоног<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">ие<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line">;<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes"> 1<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">7—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">иглокожие<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line">;<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes"> 18 —<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"> шарообразные студе<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">ни<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">стые орг<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">анизм<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">ы.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.3. Эвриптериды:
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">а—
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> Eurypterus.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"> б—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> Mixoptcrus.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"> Обе формы изображены со спинной (слева) и брюшной (справа) стороны.<img src="/cache/referats/2823/image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027">
Рис.4.Примитивные бесчерепные:
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">1—
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">хорда;<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> 2<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">нервная трубка;3—ротовое отверстие;4—глотка,5—эндостиль; б—наджаберная борозда;7— жаберные щели;8—печеночный выпоет; 9—кишечник; 10 —анальное отверстие;11 — миомеры;12 — брюшная аорта;13 — спиннаяаорта;14 — жаберныеартерии.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes"> 5.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"> Панцирные рыбы (плакодермы): а—панцирь<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> Dinichthya;<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"> б—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line">Pterichthya<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.6. Акантодия
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line"> Climatius<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.7. Палеодиктиоптера
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line">(Palaeodiolyoptera).<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис. 8. Типичный представителькотилозавров
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes"> 9.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"> Парейазавр<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes"> 10.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"> Основные типы черепа амниот:<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">а—анапсидный; в—синапсидный; в—диапспдный; г—черепахи; д—ящерицы;е— птицы;
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> 1<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">височные окна;2—височные вырезки; 3—заднеглазничная кость;4— чешуйчатая кость;<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line"> 5<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes">—<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode: line"> скуловая кость;6 — квадратноскуловая кость: 7— квадратная кость.Стрелками указаны направления филогенетических преобразований.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.11. Эдафозавр
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line"> <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.12. Иностранцевия
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode: line"> <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис. 13.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Цинодонт
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">Рис. 14.
<img src="/cache/referats/2823/image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»">Ряд последовательных преобразованийнижней челюсти
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.15
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Эритротерий
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»">Рис. 16
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»">Псевдозухии
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис. 17.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Плезиозавр
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.18. Рамфоринх
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.19. Госперорнис
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line"> <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image038.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис. 20. Уинтатерий
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line"> <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.21, Бронтотерий.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.22. Индрикотерий.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image044.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.23. Диатрима
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;layout-grid-mode:line"> <span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046"><span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line;mso-no-proof:yes"> 24.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"> Гиппарион.<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">Рис.25. Большерогийолень.
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line"><img src="/cache/referats/2823/image050.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:«Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">
<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»;mso-bidi-font-family: «Times New Roman»;layout-grid-mode:line">