Реферат: Топики для сдачи экзамена по английскому языку в 11-ом классе (Шпаргалка)

RUSSIANFEDERATION (RUSSIA)

Russia is one ofthe largest countries in the world. It occupies about one-seventh part of dryland. It is situated in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over17 million square kilometers.

The country is washed by seas and oceans.

There are different types of climate on the territory of thecountry. It is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of thecountry has mild climate: winters are cold, springs and autumns are warm orcool, summers are hot and warm. In the South the temperature is usually abovezero all year round, even in winter. Summer is really hot, the climate is very favourable. The climate of

Siberiais continental: summers are hot and dry, winters are very cold.

Some parts of ourcountry are covered with mountains and hills.

There are manyrivers in Russia, the longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Yenisei and the Ob in Asia. Thedeepest lakes are the Baikal and the Ladoga.

The RussianFederation is very rich in mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, coal,iron, gold and others.

Russia borders onmany countries. Among them are Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Poland, China,Mongolia, Korea.

Moscow is thecapital of our country. It was founded in 1147. It is a wonderful city. Thereare many sights in Moscow. You can see many museums, art galleries, theatres,churches and monuments in our capital. People of our country are proud of theMoscow Kremlin. There are also many big beautiful cities in Russia.

The population of Russia is about 150 million people. 83 percent of the population are Russians. 70 per cent of the population live incities.

MOSCOW

Moscowis the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most beautiful citiesin the world. Moscow is a modern city now. The population of the city is about9.8 million people. Moscow is a political centre, where the government of ourcountry works. Moscow was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky.The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square kilometres.

We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as theMoscow—Volga Canal links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seasand the Sea of Azov.

Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factoriesand plants in it. One of the best-known plants produces many lorries, and the otherone produces cars.

The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous theatres all over theworld. If you are fond of painting you can go to the TretyakovArt Gallery or to the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum andsee a lot of interesting portraits and landscapes there. We say that the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house of Russian art.Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum. There are many tanks,guns and war documents there.

One can see theKremlin and Red Square in the city. There are many fine buildings, widestreets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments in Moscow.

It is necessary tomention such famous monuments as monuments to the great Russian writerAlexander Pushkin and to the first Russian printerIvan Fedorov.

Visiting thecapital a lot of foreigners from all over the world come to see thesemonuments.

One of the highestbuildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It was founded in 1755 bythe great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.

Transport. Moscowis a very big city, and its transport must be comfortable and fast.

One can see a lotof cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams in the streets of our city. The Moscowmetro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There were 13 stations at thattime. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a beautiful and convenient one.

There are ninerailway stations in Moscow and five airports around the city.

There are manystadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in Luzhniki.Many competitions and football matches are held there.

The Olympicvillage was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. It is a bigcomplex for sport games.

I live in Moscowand I am proud of this city.

THEUNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

The United Kingdom is situated in thenorth-west coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean on the north-west and theNorth Sea on the east.

The U. K. includesGreat Britain

and NorthernIreland. I

Great Britain, thelargest island in Europe, contains England, Scotland and Wales.

The United Kingdom has an area of

244,000 square kilometres (94,249square miles). The capital of the country is London. English is the officiallanguage.

The population of the U. K. is nearly 60 million people. Thepopulation lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out ofevery five people live in towns. Over 46 million people live in England. Over 3million — in Wales. A little over 5 million — in Scotland. About 1.5 million—in Northern Ireland. London's population is over 7 million people. The Britishnation consists of the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. There aremany people of all colours and races in the UnitedKingdom.

The climate ofGreat Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summer or too cold in winter. Itoften rains in England. Rain falls in summer and in winter, in autumn and inspring. Snow falls only in the north and west of the country. The surface ofEngland and Ireland is flat, but Scotland and Wales are mountainous. Many partsof the country have beautiful villages. There are many rivers in Great Britain.The main river is the Thames. Many ships and bargesgo up and down the river. The longest river is Severn.It is 350 kilometres long.

There are many universities, colleges libraries, museums andtheatres in the country. The most famous universities are Cambridge University,Oxford University, Glasgow University.

The U. K. is aparliamentary monarchy. The British Parliament consists of two Houses: theHouse of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the head of thegovernment.

The United Kingdom has some mineral resources. Coal and oilare the most important of them. The United Kingdom ione of the world's most industrialize» countries. The main industrial centres are Sheffield, Birmingham and Manchester. Thelargest cities of the country are London, Birmingham, Cardiff, Manchester,Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin.

Agriculture takes an important sector in economy of thecountry. The British people grow wheat, fruit, vegetables oats.

THE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA

TheUSA is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in the centralpart of the North American continent. The area of the USA is over nine millionsquare kilometres. It is washed by the Pacific Oceanand by the Atlantic Ocean. The most northern part of the USA is Alaska,, thelargest state, separated from the rest of the country by Canada.

The population ofthe United States is nearly 250 million people, most of the people live intowns. People of different nationalities live in the USA.

The officiallanguage of the country is English. The capital of the country is Washington.It was named in honour of the first President, GeorgeWashington.

As the USA is alarge country, the climate is different in different regions. Foi example, the Pacific coast is a region of mild wintersand warm, dry summers, but the eastern continental region is watered withrainfall. The region arounc the Great Lakes haschangeable weather.

There are manymountains in the USA For example, the highest peaks of the Cordilliersin the USA are 6,193 and 4,418 metres.

The main river ofthe country is the Mississippi. But there are many other great rivers in theUSA: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia in the northwest. There arefive Great Lakes between the USA and Canada.

The USA producesmore than 52 per cent of the world's corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco.

There are many bigcities in the coun try. They are Washington (thecapital

of the country). New York (the city of contrasts, financialand business centre of the USA), Boston (there are many colleges anduniversities in it), Chicago (one of the biggest industrial cities in theUSA), San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit (one of the biggest centres of the automobile industry).

The USA has an Academy of Sciences. There are manyscientific institutions, museums, libraries, theatres and other interestingplaces in the country.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The USAis rich in mineral resources, such as aluminium,salt, zinc, coppers, and others. The country is rich in coal, natural gas, goldand silver, too. It holds one of the first places in the world for theproduction of coal, iron, oil, natural gas.

Such industries as machine-building, ship-building arehighly developed in the country.

American agriculture produces a lot of food products: grain,fruit, vegetables.

The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states.Each of these states has its own government. Congress is the AmericanParliament which consists of two Chambers.

The president isthe head of the state and the government. He is elected for four years.

NEWZEALAND

New Zealand is a very interesting country. It has got totalarea of 269,000 square kilometers. It is situated to south-east of Australia inthe Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (North Island and SouthIsland) and some smaller ones. Nearly 3.5 million people live in the country.The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. It is a financial centre too. Thecity was founded in 1840 and has been the capital since 1865. The officiallanguage Is English.

The climate of NewZealand is moist. New Zealand is rich in minerals. There are some mainindustries in the country, for example, iron and steel industry. The countryhas gas and petroleum. There are many mountains in New Zealand. The highest isMount Cook (3,764 metres or 12,349 feet).

There are manyrivers and lakes in the country. The chief rivers are the Waikatoand the Wairu. You have heard about the nativeanimals in the country. One of them is the kiwi. This interesting bird lives inthe wet parts of the thick bushes. In the day-time the bird does not go out. Itcomes out only at night to find food. Kiwis cannot fly. Many years ago kiwiswere hunted for food. Now the government does not permit the hunting the kiwis.The kiwi is now the symbol of New Zealand people. Small children are oftencalled kiwis.

New Zealand is independent state, but formerly it is a partof the British

Empire. The head of the state is the Queen. New Zealand isself-governing state. The Parliament consists of one House only, the House ofRepresentatives. The Prime Minister is the head of the government.

New Zealand has got heavy industry. There are many plants inthe country. Paper and rubber industries are developed too. New Zealandexports wool, meat, butter.

There are some big cities such as Auckland, Wellington,Christchurch, Dune-din, Nelson. Auckland and Wellington are the main ports ofthe country.

There are some educational and cultural institutions inWellington. They are the University of New Zealand, Victoria University Collegeand others. Victoria University was established in 1897.

New Zealand is a very interesting and beautiful country.

THE COMMONWEALTHOF AUSTRALIA

The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal state. It has gotsix states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland,South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and two internal territories. Theofficial language is English.

Australia is situated in the south-westof the Pacific Ocean.

The area of this country has got7,687,000 square kilometers. Australia is the largest island in the world andit is the smallest continent. The Dutch were the first Europeans to visitAustralia. In 1770 the English captain James Cook discovered the east coast ofAustralia.

Nearly 20 million people live in Australia.

Australia's climate is dry and warm. Australia is situatedin the southern hemisphere and that's why there is summer, when we have winterand there is winter, when we have summer. It is interesting to know thatJanuary is the hottest month in Australia.

Australia isseparated from many countries. The animals in Australia have a lot oforiginal, and they are interesting, for example, dingoes (wild dogs), koalabears, kangaroos.

The kangaroo andkoala have got the pouch in which they carry their cubs. There are many birdsin the country, too. One can see parrots and cockatoos. The emuis the most interesting bird in Australia. It is big and can't fly.

There are manyrivers and lakes in the country.

Australia is anindustrial country. It has coal, nickel, zinc, gold. Several factories andplants work in the country. Australia is one of the most important producers ofmetals and minerals. It exports wool production, meat, fruit, sugar.

The capital of thecountry is Canberra. The city became the capital in 1927. Federal Governmentworks in Canberra in the government buildings. It is interest

ing

to know thatthere are no industrial plants in Canberra.

The population of Canberra is about 300,000 people.

There are many sights in the city. They are the Building ofthe Australian Academy of Sciences, the Australian National University andothers. There are two big industrial cities in Australia: Sydney and Melbourne.

The habited part of the country issituated near ocean. Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and others are the ports ofthe country.

Australia is a part of the British Empire. Formerly the headof the state is the Queen, but in fact Australia is independent, self-governingstate. The Parliament consists of two Houses.

There are many universities, theatres and museums inAustralia.

YOUTH PROBLEMS

All people haveproblems. Some of them have many problems, the others have one or two problemsonly.

Young people have as many problems asthe grown-ups. It is possible to solve some problems but sometimes we can notsolve this or that problem. The first problem is to choose a good friend. Iknow the proverb «A friend in need is a friend indeed.» I agree withit, that's why I try to make friends with gay and true persons.

I want to have a friend who understandsme. It will be simple and interesting to speak to him or her.

I think that young people have problems with their parents.What are they? Sometimes we have different tastes. I like the proverb«There is no accounting for tastes.» For example, I go to the shopswith my mother. She likes this dress but I like that one. My mother wants me tobuy this dress. But I am sure, that dress is much to my taste.

My parents want meto be a teacher as they are skilled teachers but I have a taste for music, andmy dream is to be a composer.

Where can we go?What can we do if we have free time? My friend Nastyalives in the village. Her village is far from Moscow. It takes her three hoursto go to Moscow. She says that there is nowhere to go and there is nothing todo in her village. There are no clubs, museums, cinemas, parks there. If shewants to go to Moscow it'll take her a lot of money. She can't afford it.

It is a problem toget a good education.

It is necessary topay for a good education. I think it is difficult to learn English, forexample, without additional classes.

I can't enter theInstitute without good knowledge. To get it it isnecessary to pay for it and have heavy expenses.

Many good teachers leave schools because they haven't gotenough money. Persons without special experience can't teach the pupils well.

I am sure that all teenagers want to have a lot of money todress well, to go to the theatres, to visit foreign countries, ito eat what they want, to buy books-How can they solve allthese problems?

They have to earn money. I think it is possible to do it.Some boys wash cars, the others sell newspapers, some of my friends help oldpersons. Many of my friends have load of care.

We have some problems but we are sure that we solve them ina proper way.

I think that the young people in other countries have manyproblems too. I have a pen-friend in Italy. He usually writes that his parents makehim to do a lot of house-work. It is stange for us,but my friend Jack from London has his biggest problem — his freckles.

INTRODUCINGYOURSELF

My name is Kostya. Mysurname is Laznev. I was born in Moscow on the 23rdof June in 1981. I am a tall thin boy. My hair is dark and short. My face isoval, my nose is straight. My eyes are large and brown. My friends say that Iam a good-looking boy. I like to dress well. I usually wear black trousers,light shirts, clean boots.

I have a dream toenter the Institute.

I worked hard atschool. We studied many subjects such as History, Russian, Physics, Geographyand others. I was fond of English and Physics. And I was good at them.

I think that I amhonest, serious and polite.

I want to get a good education and find an interesting anduseful work. I have a hobby. I like to sing songs. My father likes to singsongs too. He knows many good songs and we usually sing songs together.

Nowadays young people don't like classical music. Theyprefer pop music. My parents invite me to some very good concerts of classicalmusic. It is great. I am very grateful to my parents because now I begin tounderstand how wrong I was going only to pop concerts.

I am proud of my mother and father. They are musicians. Welike to spend our free time together. We often go to the museums, to theConcert Halls, to the theatres.

I want to say that I respect my parents.

I HAVE A DREAM TOBE A DOCTOR

Thereare many interesting and noble professions. I want to become a doctor.

I like this profession and I am eagerto get a medical education and work at a hospital.

It is a good tradition in our family.My mother is a doctor, my grandfather is a doctor and I want to be a doctor,too.

When I was alittle boy my grandfather worked at a hospital and I spent some time at thehospital with him. He is a surgeon and works in a surgical department.

Day by day hetakes care of his hospital patients, he treats them well. He is very attentive.Every day he comes into

wards asking patients, «What do you complain of?»

He wants all people to be able-bodied and he tries to treathis in-patients in a proper way.

To operate on persons is his main task. He is a kind andskilled surgeon.

Every day he comes into an operating-room and operates on hisin-patients. After each operation he takes care of his in-patients. Day by dayhe helps them to recover and he is glad when he can say, «My in-patient isquite recovered.»

Sometimes he advises his in-patients to go to sanatoriumsafter leaving the hospital. He instructs them in detail what they can do andeat after their operations.

My grandfather tells me a lot of true stories about doctors,their profession, their aid for people.

I respect my grandfather. I like his profession and I havea dream to be a doctor too.

SPORT AND AHEALTHY MODE OF LIFE

Sport is very important in our life. Itis popular among young and old people.

Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning, trainthemselves in clubs, in different sections and take part in sport competitions.

Other people like sports too, but they only watch sportsgames, listen to sports news. They prefer reading interesting stories aboutsportsmen. But they don't go in for sports.

Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupilshave got physical training lessons twice a week. Boys and girls playvolley-ball and basket-ball at the lessons. There is a sportsgroundnear our school and school-children go in foi sportsin the open air.

A

lot of different competitions are heldat schools, a great number of pupils take part in them. All participants try toget good results and become winners. Sport helps people to keep in good health.If you go in for sports, you have good health and don't catch cold.

Children and grown-ups must take care of their health and domorning exercises regularly.

There are some popular kinds of sports in our country:football, volley-ball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing, skating. Athletics is oneof the most popular kinds of sports. It includes such kinds of sports as running,jumping and others. Everybody may choose the sport he (or she) is interestedin.

There are summer and winter sports.

My favourite sport is swimming. Igo to the swimming-pool twice a week. But I prefer to rest by the lake or theriver and swim there.

My friend Kostya goes in forboxing. He is a good boxer and he is a brave and courageous boy. His hobbyhelps him in his everyday life.

Sports in GreatBritain

National sports in Great Britain… Itis a very interesting question, because many kinds of sport have taken theorigin in England.

The Englishmen love sports, they are called sports-lovers inspite of the fact that some of them neither play games nor even watch them.They only like to speak about sports.

Some kinds of sport are professional in England.

Many traditional sporting contests take place in England,for example, cricket. It is played from May till September. This game isassociated with England. There are many cricket clubs in this country. Englishpeople like to play cricket. They think that summer without cricket isn'tsummer. Cricket is the English national sport in summer. If you want to playcricket you must wear white boots, a white shirt and white long trousers.

There are two teams. Each team has eleven players. Cricketis popular in boys' schools. Girls play cricket too.

Football.It has got a long history. Football was played by the whole village teams inthe middle ages in England.

Nowfootball is the most popular game in Britain. It is a team game. There are someamateur teams but most of the teams are professional ones in England.Professional football is a big business. Football is played at schools too.

Rugbyfootball. You can see a ball in this game, but it is not round. It is oval.This is a team game. There are fifteen players in each team. It is a populargame in England. There are many amateur rug-by football teams in this country.

If we speak aboutfootball we can mention an American football too. It is a game that is playedbetween two teams of players using an oval ball that can be handled or kicked.The captain of the team must be the oldest or best player.

Tabletennis or ping-pong. Englishmen heard about tabletennis in 1880. Then the International Table Tennis Association was formed andthe international rules were worked out.

Manypeople like to play table tennis. This game is played by men and women.

There are some tennis clubs in England,but if you play there it is necessary to pay money for it.

Englishmen like playing tennis but manyof them prefer to watch this game.

Wimbledon. It is the centre of lawntennis. Some years ago Wimbledon was a village, now it is a part of London. Themost important tennis competition takes place there every summer.

Englishmen pay much attention toswimming, rowing and walking. Usually the Oxford—Cambridge Boat Race takesplace at the end of March or at the beginning of April. It is an interestingcontest between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held onthe Thames River. The first such race was held in1820. There were a lot of people watching this race.

There are someracing competitions in England. They are motor-car racing, dog-racing,donkey-racing, boat-racing, horse-racing. All kinds of racingsare popular in England. It is interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race. Therunner, who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in a spoon. It isnot allowed to drop the egg.

We must speakabout the Highland Games in Scotland. All competitors wear Highland dress.There are such competitions as putting the weight, tossing the caber and others. The English are great lovers of sports.

LEARNING FOREIGNLANGUAGES

It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's whypupils have got such subject as a foreign language at school. Everybody knowshis own language, but it is useful to know foreign languages.

I learn English, because I understandthat I can use it. For example, if I go to England I'll be able to speak Englishthere. If I go to the USA, I'll speak English too. English is used not only inEngland, but also in other parts of the world.

I learn English because I want to read foreign literature inthe original. I know and like such English and American writers as CharlesDickens, Mark Twain, Lewis Carroll and others. I understand that I must learnEnglish. If I know English well, I'll be able to go to the library and takebooks by English and American writers in the original.

I like to travel.But it is difficult to visit countries, when you don't know the language ofthese countries. If I know the language of the country, where I am going to,it will be easy to travel there. If I want to ask something, I can do it in English.

I like to readbooks. And I like to read newspapers, too. If I know, for example, English I'llbe able to read English newspapers and magazines. Knowledge of foreignlanguages helps young people of different countries to understand each other,to develop friendship among them. For example, we have a foreign exhibition inMoscow. If I know a foreign language, it is easy for me to visit this exhibition.

You can see a lotof advertisements, signboards, names in the streets. They are in foreignlanguages. Very often they are in English. If you know English, you can readand understand them.

Now we buy many clothes from other countries If you knowEnglish well, you can read something about the size of this or that thing. Itis clear for you what it is made of.

There are a lot of films in foreign languages. If you knowforeign languages, you can understand films without any help.

There are international friendship camps in the world. Ifyou can speak foreign languages, it will be easy for you to visit such campsand speak with the boys, girls, men even they don't know Russian.

In short, I understand that I have to learn English in aproper way and I try to do it.

I LIKE TO TRAVEL

I like to travel. First of all, the membersof our family usually have long walks in the country. Such walks are calledhikes. If we want to see the countryside, we have to spend a part of oursummer holidays on hikes. It is useful for all members of our family. We takeour rucksacks, we don't think about tickets, we don't hurry up and we walk alot. During such hikes we see a lot of interesting places, sometimes we meet.interesting people.

I like to travelby car. It is interesting too, because you can see many things in a short time.When we go by car, we don't take tickets too, we put all things we need in acar. We don't carry them.

THE PROTECTION OFTHE ENVIRONMENT

Our country. Our environment. There are many big and smallrivers, green forests, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.

Our Earth is our home. I think peoplemust take care of our Motherland.

There are some laws and decisions onthis important subject. We have state organizations which pay attention tothis problem.

The international conventions pay muchattention to the control of pollution too.

There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our country,that's why we can't ignore the problem of the protection of our environment.Our main aim is the protection. Our environment must be clean. What V must wedo for it? We have to control atmospheric and water pollution, to study the man'sinfluence on the climate. The pollution of the environment influences the lifeof animals, plants and our human life. If we don't use chemicals in a properway we'll pollute our environment.

Our plants andfactories put their waste materials into water and atmosphere and pollute theenvironment.

There are manykinds of transport in our big cities, that's why we must pay attention to theprotection of our nature and the health of the people.

Radiation. Now ithas become one of the main problems. It is not good for J health ofpeople. Many people died from radiation some years ago in Chernobyl. It ' was atragedy. Another problem is earthquake. We know some terrible earthquakes inthe world. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes, then we can protectourselves from them.

The people allover the world do everything to protect their nature, to make their countryricher, to make their life happier.

CHRISTMASDAY

Everycountry has its own customs and traditions. English people are proud of their traditionsand they keep them up.

It is difficult tospeak about England without speaking about its holidays. Christmas Day is amongthem.

All English peoplecelebrate Christmas (or X-mas) on the 25th ofDecember.

Christmas! Whatkind of holiday is it? It is the yearly celebration of the birth of JesusChrist. It falls on December 25 by the Catholic Church and on the 7th ofJanuary by the Orthodox Church. This holiday means the beginning of the newyear and the new life. English people celebrate this holiday with theevergreen tree — Christmas tree. Children rut

along sock, called a Christmas stocking at the end of theirbeds and Santa Claus conies down the chimney to bring them presents.

Christmas Day isthe greatest holiday in England. It is interesting to visit the shops beforethis holiday. There are a lot of nice Christmas cards and presents there.English people like this holiday very much and prepare for it beforehand. Theybuy presents for each other, try to send Christmas cards for their relatives andfriends.

It is interestingto visit London during this holiday. There is a Christmas tree in TrafalgarSquare. We can see many lights, toys and sweets all over this tree. Everywhereyou can see slogans «A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year».

The traditionalEnglish dinner on Christmas is turkey and pudding.

NEW YEAR'S DAY

There are manyholidays in our country. They are: New Year's Day, Christmas, Women's Day,Victory Day, May Day and others.

I like New Year's Day, it is my favourite holiday. The 1st of January is a winter holidayand now it is the first day of the New Year.

Peter the First changed the Russiancalendar in 1699. He made the 31st of December, 1699 the last day of the year.The first of January 1700 became New Year's Day.

The 1st of January is in the middle of winter. The weatheris usually fine and there is a lot of snow everywhere. As the 1st of January isa holiday I don't go to school and my parents don't go to work.

We usually havegot a very interesting New Year's party at school. We have got it on the 28thor 29th of December.

Our familyprepares for this holiday beforehand. My father buys and brings home abeautiful New Year's tree at the end of December. Our family has a tradition tobuy it. I like to decorate the New Year's tree with toys, little coloured lights, sweets and a beautiful star on the top.

My mother andgrandmother prepare our holiday supper and lay the table. I make a cake.

All the members ofour family clean the flat before this nice holiday and then each of us try todress well. We like to see the New Year in at home with our relatives. Theycome to see us at 11 o'clock in the evening.

At 12 o'clock weare sitting at the table and we are glad to see the New Year in. We say,«Best wishes for the New Year!»

I hope that nextyear will be better than the last one.

The New Year's Dayis always connected with our new hopes and dreams.

It is a pleasant moment to get presents on the New Year'sEve.

I usually get many nice useful things from my parents andrelatives.

My parents put their presents under the New Year's tree.

We don't go to bed till morning, we watch TV, dance, eattasty things and make jokes.

I enjoy this holiday very much.

YURI GAGARIN (1934-68)

Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut in the world. Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin was born onthe 9th of March, 1934. He was born in the village of Klushinoin the Smolensk region.

Yura

wasan active, brave and curious boy. His father was jack of all trades and hehelped his son when Yura made toy planes by hand. Butthe war began. Yuri Gagarin and his mother, father,brother and sister left their house and had to live in a dug-out.

After the war Gagarin's family moved to Gzhatsk.Now it is Gagarin. It was named after the firstcosmonaut.

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