Реферат: Храмы Санкт-Петербурга

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Министерствообразования и науки

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">           Российской Федерации

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Санкт-ПетербургскийГосударственный Инженерно-экономический

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Университет

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Факультеттуризма и гостиничного хозяйства

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Кафедрапрофессионального иностранного языка и межкультурных коммуникаций в туризме

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Курсоваяработа

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">                 Тема: Храмы Санкт-Петербурга

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">                                                

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Выполнил: студент Кошелев ГлебАлександрович

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">                             Курс — 2, группа 5131

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">                             Руководитель:

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">C<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">т.пр.Ляпакина Е.В.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Санкт-Петербург

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         2004 г

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Content

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1. Introduction                                         2

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">2. Buddhist Temple                                 3

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">3. The Mosque                                        7

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">4. Armenian Church                                9

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">5. Lutheran Church                                 11

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">6. Roman-Catholic Church                     13

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">7. Znamensky Orthodox Church            15

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">8. Greek Church                                      16

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">9. The Church of Theophany on Gutuevsky Island     17

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">10. Conclusion                                         19

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">11. Glossary                                             20

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">12. Bibliography                                       21

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Introduction.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Saint-Petersburgis a World famous city. It is famous for its history — “City of threerevolutions”, for white nights, drawbridges, for its architecture. Temples ofSaint-Petersburg play a great role  bothin history and architecture. One of the first buildings in the city was Peterand Paul Cathedral. Most of Romanovs were buried here. After this,Saint-Petersburg became the centre of Temple building.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         TheSaint-Petersburg temples represent the city as a multicultural one and as thesample of tolerance. People of great number of nationalities and religions livedhere since its foundation.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         The citychanged greatly in the XX century. Because of revolution and following Sovietrule, and also Grand Patriotic War, about thrty churches have been destroyed,many were reconstructed. The main purpose of my work is to restore the image ofSaint-Petersburg of the beginning of the XX century. The second main purpose isto represent the way of life in the city, the attitude to churches, toreligion. The events that lead to the ideas of building a church or a templeseem interesting as well. And the last, but not the least, — to get acquaintedwith pieces of architectural art, to show the traditions of temple building inSaint-Petersburg. Different architectural styles are represented in this work.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Thetemples below are not the most famous ones in Saint-Petersburg. But they havevery reach history and they are in the shade of World famous St. Isaac’sCathedral, Church of Resurection, Peter and Paul Cathedral. The temples beloware worth one’s attention.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Buddist Temple

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">There is a tall building on 91, Primorsky prospect. Itattracts attention to its proportions and symbolism. It impresses with itsunusual forms, walls like fortress ones, misterious symbols on the Easternfacade. The grey monolith of its Nothern wall towers the three-storeyedrectangular building. The Southern facade is decorated with a four-pillaredportico. Granite facing, glazed bricks and guilded components af decorationforms the unique image of the building. It combines the elegant beauty ofEuropean modern style and severe beauty of Tibet architecture. This is theBuddist Temple.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The history of constructing the Temple inSaint-Petersburg is very complicated.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">On March, 16 in 1909 Agvan Dorghiev bought a groundarea in “Old Village” in order to erect there the Temple. But manyorganizations like “The Union of Russian People”, bureaucrats were against ofit. That goes without saying, The Russian Orthodox Church was against too. ButDorghiev showed all his diplomatic skills, and on the 30st of September, 1909Nicolas II allowed the building of First Buddist Temple in Saint-Petersburg. Atthe end of April the building started.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Theworks were produced under control of a special building comitee, consisting ofthe academicians V.V. Radlov, S.F. Oldenburg, prince A.A. Ukhtomsky, researchesof the Far East V.L. Kotvich, A.D. Rudnev, F.I. Scherbatsky, painters N.K.Rerikh, V.P. Shnayder.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Theauthor of the very first project was an engeneer N.M. Berezovsky. Then G.V.Baranovsky continued Berezovsky’s work. Agvan Dorghiev participated in this,as well.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The building works started under supervision ofBaranovsky and they were procuced very fast. In spite of it, they turned outto be organized unsucsessfully, because the organizers had poor experience ofsuch kind of work. Because of financial problems, Dorzhiev was to employ verypoor bricklayers from Kostroma. They did not even know, what they were doing.Construction materials were stolen frequently. Besides, some bills frompurveyor organizations were not paid in time. It all led to conflict betweenthe architect Baranovsky and Building Comitee. As a result, Baranovsky leftthis project, and N.K. Rerikh, who projected a wooden Buddist Temple in Irkutskuyezd, was invited.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         The onlyTemple in Russia that is equal to the samples of Tibet canon isSaint-Petersburg Temple. The building of the temple is intended for dailyservices, and at the same time, it is a place where lamas gather together andhold the lessons.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The main entrance opens on the South. In the Southernpart of dugan there is the principle room for clergy (Large Hall for Te Deum),that is illuminated through overhead floor (“Sun flashlighter”). The Nothernpart of Dugan — Gonkan is considered to be the most sacred — here is the altar withsculpture of Big Buddha. The throne of the principal lama is located oppositethe altar. The seats for common lamas are installed between the columns, alongthe Temple. All the elements of the Buddist symbolysm were made in Tibet andfifted to Petrograd Temple in 1915.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         One cansee elements of European architecture, used here. The Eastern portotypes wereessentially reorientated in the European modern style. It is the lay-out of thehall and stairwell. Central heating was installed in the Southern part of theTemple because of the peculiarities of Nothern climate. Nothern modern stylewas the reason to choose different sorts of coarsely-splitted granite, facingbrick, glazed tile for coating the building. It gave classical Petersburg look.High-coloured stained-glass windows of plafond, the barrier of light-embrasure,adorned with the symbols of Buddism, and also high-coloured tile on the flooris also impact  of modern style.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         A lowspire (that has the same function as the at the Orthodox Church) from guildedcopper — Ganchzhirra (full of treasure, the Sanscrit language) looks like avase. It was traditionnaly installed on the roof of the Gonkan. In 1939Ganchzhirra was dismantled. The figures of “Victorious Stndard” were installedat the corners of the roofs. During the consecration they were filled-in withthe sacred texts. The roof of the portico was adorned with guilded eight-radius“Weel of Studies” and two deers — symbols of the first Buddha’s sermon. Deerand doe symbolyze beings of both sexes, who is heeding to the Teaching “withclean heart of gentle deers”. Guilded disks and magic mirrors were installed inthe frieze of the Temple in order to frighten the evil forces away.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Theconstruction finished in 1913, and on the 21st of Febraury the first service,devoted to three hundred years Jubilee of Romanovs family was held. But theworks dealing with the interior continued. A very famous wood-carver RinchinZankhatov, painter Budaev and the expert on the Tibet culture GilYk-ChamzoTsybakov made a contribution to the Temple.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Theceremonial consecration was held on the 10th of August, 1915.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         TheTemple meant much for Buddism in Europe. The interest towards the valueables ofBuddism increased much. Many people were entirely interested in contacts with livetraditions of Gelugpa, which was represented by the lamas of Petrograd Temple.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1919the first Buddist exhibition was held here. However, this year the Temple wasplundered in a very barbarous way. Almost all valueables were stolen — guildedbronze, silver and copper statues, vases and cups, chinese brocade draperies,furs… The statue of Big Buddha was broken, because the robbers were looking fortreasures. They also destroyed the library, and all the documents dealinf withrelationships with England, China, Tibet and Russia, that were collected byDorzhiev, dissapeared. But Dorzhiev showed remarkable will and intellect an

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">в<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> managed to begin restoration works, in spite offinancial difficulties, caused by revolution.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1935,in Leningrad the persecution towards Buddism started. In Novenber, 1937eighty-years old Dorzhiev was arrested. He died in January, at the prison inUlan-Ude. After that The Buddist Temple was closed, and different state officesfilled its building.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Duringthe World War II a broadcasting station was located in the former Temple. Metalcable was used as the antenna — one end was hooked to a tractor, which wassituated at the backyard, and other was attached to a dirigible. Grenades wereproduced in the cellar. At the same time it served as the lateral guidancestation for Soviet planes… After that, until 1960, this radio station servedto interference induction on the Western radio channels.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         On the25st of November, 1968 the building was declared to be a “memorial of localmeaning”. This fact, however, had no impact on the building. In the 1980-s thecity principlals decided to give it to the State Museum of the History ofReligion and Atheism. But it did not happen, as well.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         1st,July 1989 a group of twenty people asked for registration of Buddism Community.Their application was allowed, and later, in 1990 the Building of the BuddistTemple was returned to believers.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">,        Nowdaysthe Temple is open, but a lot of work should be done to restorate it. 

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The Mosque

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Today Saint-Petersburg Cathedral Mosque is one of thelargest in Europe. It can recieve more than five million believers, that isvery important for Saint-Petersburg, where thousands of Moslem live.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The conquest of the Middle Asia, forming the GreatCotton Route, which Russian textile industry needed in, and growing interest tothe Eastern culture preceded the construction of the Mosque.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The muslim community in Saint-Petersburg containedabout eight thousand people, an in November, 1905 believers had formed thebuilding comitee, consisting of twenty Moslems — merchants, military officers,publicians. Writer and theologian A. Bayazitov the chairman of the comitee.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The comitee bought a site at the corner of Kronverksyand Konny avenues. However, this site turned out to be too small. The Michrabshould be opened to Mekka, e.g. to the South. It meant, to back facade of theneighbouring house. Besides, the Mosques need a special building for ablution.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">That is why the building comitee decided to hold acompetition for architects in order to choose the best project. The conditionsfo

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">к<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> the competition were: to use the Eastern style, touse only natural stones for facing, to construct the dome. The 6mosque shouldcontain one or two minarets. Following to the muslim requirements, the Michrabshould be opened to the South. Images of living being were not allowed in theinterior. In compliance with town-planning purposes forming the “Red Line” forbuilding-up, it was recommended to put the future Mosque as close by theKronverksky avenue, as possible.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">N.V. Vasiliev won the competition. The Mosque wasprojected following in compliance with the samples of Samarkand architecture.Characteristic feature of religious buildings in the East is that the roof is“hidden” behind small parapets. In Saint-Petersburg, because of its climate, itrequired a special approach to the water collection system and the roof shape.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The ceremony of laying was held on the 10st ofFebraury, 1910.  Later this year, in Maypreparatory facing work, supervised by the German architect G.-F. Kann,started.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> Kann rented twomineral-field in Finland, where rare sorts of granite and light-grey gneisswere mined.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">On the 21st of Febraury the first service,dedicated to the Jubilee of Romanovs’ family was held, in spite of the buildingwas not finished yet.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">During the Soviet rule the Mosque was damaged badly.In 1924-1928 the B9ig Carpet, four bronze lamps, most of furniture werewithdrawed or stolen. In 1930-s, 1950-s, 1970-s the unique construction of theroof was reconstructed many times. The original system of water collection wasre-made. Because of this, the wall tectonics was badly modified. It led to thedestroying of granite and majolik incrustrations. In 1984 scaffolding wasinstalled to replace the facing. It was off in 1996, when unique granite andmajolik facing was replaced by technical porcelain. So, the look of the oldbuilding was changed, and now it deffers greately from what Vasiliev hadconstructed.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Armenian Cathedral of Saint Catherine

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The First Armenian settlers in Saint-Petersburgappeared immediately after the foundation of the city. Mostly, they weremerchants and craftsmen. Started at that time, Armenian community inSaint-Petersburg is still growing.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">On the 2nd of May, 1770 Catherine the Greatsolved a query of I.I. Lazarev (1735-1801), who ask for a site for a church,and she gifted an area, in the Nothern part of Nevsky avenue. The communitystarted wrip-round.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The project was prepared by famous architect Felten(1735 — 1801), and after eight- year work the new well-propotioned church,opposite future Merchant Yard, was built.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">This graceful building was constructed in earlyRussian classicism. Buildings of austere style outstand bright building of thechurch. The church takes central place in the ansamble. It is crowned with theelegant dome. All the elements were made proportionally and refindly. Thefacade is decorated with portico. On its pediment one can see a sculpturerelief. The plot is unusual: Katolikos Grigor Enlighteneer is christening TrdatIII ( Armenia was the first country, that established Christianity as a statereligion — in 301 Trdat III was christened and ordered Grigor to christen thecountry)

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Spacious and well-lighted interior attracts attentionto the lines of the dome, curved arches, columns. The interior is adorned withpaintings, moulded cornices, coulored marble. Felten and Khristinek are theauthors of the interior.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The 18th  Febraury,1780 Ovsep Argutyan had consecrated the Cathedral of Saint Catherine. In 1865the bells were installed into the belfry.     

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">There are two houses belonging to the Church ansamble.Their facades are opened to Nevsky Avenue. The Eastern Wing (42, Nevsky Avenue)was being built simalteniously with the Cathedral. The author is Felten. It wasfinished in 1777, and the elergy of a parish was to be hold there. Atwo-storeyed building of austere style sucsessfully completed Nevsky Avenue. In1835 — 1837 the building was re-built by A.I. Melnikov, who added the thirdfloor to the building. The second house (Western Wing) was built in 1794 — 1798. Most likely, the architect was E.T. Sokolov. The facade of the Westernwing is like the Eastern one, but bas-relief was added to it.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Both houses have saved their interiors. Besides, theyare samples of dwelling houses of the end of the XVIII — the beginning of XIXcenturies. These two buildings form a cramped backyard, frame the church and donot distract one’s attention from the church. Many famous people, such as greatRussian poet Tyutchev and outstanding polititian Speransky lived here.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">At the end af 1920-s the Cathedral was closed. It wasthen used as a storehouse, offices, workshop. It was ravaged and damaged badly.During the Soviet rule the church was devided into two storeys.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Cathedral was returned to the Armenian communityin 1992. The restoration works lasted eight years, and in 2000 the restoredCathedral was consecrated by Alexy II and Armyan Garegin II.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Nowdays the Cathedral is open for believers. A smallexposition is going to be opened in order to tell everybody about people, whodealt with the Cathedral, the Cathedral itself, the history of Russian-Armenianrelationships.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                    The Lutheran Church

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">After Peter the Great had founded Saint-Petersburg,many Germans and Dutch moved here. They lived on the Admiralty Island. It wasoften called “the German Sloboda”. They formed the Lutheran parish. Firstlybelievers gathered in the house of the vice-admiral Kornely Kruice (at thattime it was where the Winter Palace is located now)

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         By 1719the old building was not able to recieve all the believers, and services weremoved to a new Kruice’s house. It was situated at the corner of Nevsky Avenueand Moyka embankment. But it was only temporary solution. The believers decidedto build a new stone Church. In order to wrip-round, customs for incoming shipswere increased till five roubles per ship.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1727the Russian emperor Peter II gifted a big site on the Nevsky Avenue, betweenBol’shaya Konyushennaya and Malaya Konyushennaya Streets. The new church ofSaint Peter was built in 1730, and on the 14st of June it was consecrated.Pastor Naccius lead the first service.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         TheRussian emperors liked this church. Anna Ioannovna gifted it money for organ,Catherine the Great gifted three thousand roubles, her son, Paul I — onethousand. Even Nicolas I helped it.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Thischurch served about a century, until in 1832 the competition for the newproject was announced. A.P. Bryullov won it, and the new church was erected atthe same place, between two houses, which facades were opened to Nevsky Avenue.The work was finished in 1838.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Thischurch was opened for century as well. In fact, it stopped services inDecember, 1937. It was officially closed on the 2nd of March, 1938,following to the order of the Soviet principals.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Afterits closing, all the decorations that had a value were moved to the State Hermitage.Much was stolen, by all means. The largest organ in the city, that was made by“Walker” company dissapeared.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1958Leningrad principals decided to invert the church into a swimming-pool.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">It led to reconstruction of the unique interior, deathof painting remainders and damaging the wall tectonics.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Duringmany years the believers had no church. Only in 1992, on the 1st ofJuly Petrosovet issued a resolution about the church. According to thisresolution, the building should be delievered to the Lutheran community ofSaint-Petersburg. On the 31st of October pastors Frank Lotikhius andKarl Kalnin led the service.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1992the church was in a very bad condition. Russians and German specialists ofarchitecture elaborated a plan of the restoration works. According to thisplan, in the first stage of the work, an inserted floor should be installedover the pool. It should prevent the walls from verticality deviation...

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         On the16th of September, 1997 the consecration of the church was made.Nowdays it is the Lutheran Cathedral of Saint-Petersburg.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Roman-Catholic Cathedral of Sait Catherine

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Saint-Petersburg Catholic community contained manypeoples — French, Italians, Polish and others. The Catholic community was oneof the biggest ones in Saint-Petersburg at that time, and in 1738 it was gifteda site by the Russian empress Anna Ioannovna. In 1739 P. A. Trezini prepared aproject of the stone church and two houses, which facades should be opened toNevsky Avenue. This ansamble was projected on baroque style. The Trezini’sproject was not realized. But the idea of connecting two houses with the churchwith help of two small arches was used in the future project.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In 1761 — 1762 Vallin de la Moth prepared a new project.According to it, the composition of the church was like a triumphal arch with asculptural group at the top and  twobelfries. The process started in 1763, but it was broken off in the middle of1760-s. In 1779 A. Rinaldi continued the work. He rejected the sculpture andbelfries and edited the facade — it became more austere. After Rinaldi had leftRussia, the work was finished by I. Minchaki.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The building represents Latin cross. In the centre ofthe principal facade there is a huge arch with two columns. The  unity of the order and the wall, theefficient lines are the showings of the early classicism. Curvilinear outlinesof window fingerplates and dynamic statues of the Evangelists are the showingsof baroque style. “Rinaldi’s flower” on the facade — “Rinaldi’s signature”adornes the front of the building.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Columns composit order pilasters form the indside space. The interior was workedon by many painters and sculptor. The principal painter was D. Valeriani, theprincipal sculptor, who made the rekief, — K. Albani. The organ hall was famousfor its acoustics. In 1897 the new mural was created by G.D. Grimm and newstained-glass windows were installed by the Rigian masters.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The last Polish king — Stanislav Avgust Ponyatovskywas buried here. In 1858 the famous architect, the creator of Saint Isaac’sCathedral, O. Monferrand was read the burial service in this church.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Cathedral was closed in 1938. After that thedirection of the museum of Religion and Ateism History was based here. In 1970 the restoration work started — in orderto allocate aorgan philarmonic hall in this building. But in 1984 firedestroyed all the interior. The Cathedral was returned to Roman-CatholicReligious Communion. Now the restoration is continued. The area in the front ofthe building is often called Saint-Petersburg Mon — Martre because it is aplace, where the modern painters display and sale their works.     

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Znamensky Church

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The church owes  the icon of the Holy Blessed Virgin its name. It was painted in the XIIcentury and for a long time was kept in one of the side-altars of ZnamenskyChurch.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Thechurch was erected in 1794 — 1804 by architect F. I. Demertsov, who had constructedSaint Sergius’ Cathedral on Liteiny Avenue before. The building was carried outin classisism style.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Theelegant outline of the building, situated on Znamensky Square             (Nevsky Avenue), was crowned withfive helmet-shaped domes. The central dome was a little bit more thin and tall.The facades were incrustrated with dummy joints.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Interiorwas especially sucsessful Demertsov’s job. The space under the domes wassurrounded by the Corinthian order collanade. It outlined the central nave. Thecolanade flew together with the very rich icon stand. Thus, Demertsov did notbreak one of the main rules of the orthodox church building, ran risks byincreasing the size of the side domes, almost till the size of the central one.The attempt was sucsessful.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1809the cast-iron fenece was installed round the church. After that, two smallchapels were built nearby the church. They were located on the line of NevskyAvenue.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         Thefortune of this church is even more tragical then many of other temples. Thatgoes without saying, it was closed after revolution. In 1940 it was destroyed.After the World War II, on its former place the new pavilion of Ploshad’Vosstaniya metro station was erected. Nowdays it is still functioning.       

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> The GreekChurch of Saint Demetrius Salona

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Greek Church was built on the embankment ofLigovsky Canal (that was covered up with earth later) between the 4thand the 5th Christmas Streets (now - 4th  and 5thSovetskaya Streets).

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Most of funds for the building were endowed by theGreek community in Saint-Petersburg. But it was not enough, and then  Greek merchant Dmitrius Benardaki decided tobuild the church of his patron Saint with his own money. Money, that werewripped-round by the community were gifted to the Russian mission in Athens.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The church was founded on the 25th of May,1861. The architect was R.I. Kuz’min. He represented the samples of earlyByzantinesque architectural motifs.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Building was cross-shaped. The vast dome toweredit. Nearby the Eastern facade there were two additional buildings — for deaconand vestry. There was also a thick vestibule. A flat pavilion of bell tower,that was built over it was crowned with the pediment with the Cross.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Forty windows make the inside space well-enlighted.The walls were faced with shining ornaments — golden tracery on the silverbackground, or silver tracery on high-coloured background. The nutwood iconstand consist of two stages. The icons were created with oily paints on thegolden-coloured background. They were delievered from Greece. Many of them werevery old. The wooden apsises were fenced in metal balustrade. The floor waspaved with white marble.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">    The churchwas consecrated in 1866. The services were held only in Greek language. Thefirst parishioneers were Greek buisnesmen, emigrants. Many of them weresucsessful during the New Economic Policy.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In January 1939 the church was closed and delieveredto local functionaries. It was destroyed in 1961. Several years later LargeConcert October Hall was erected here. Nowdays only poem of Iosif Brodsky andGreek avenue remind about the Greek church and those Greeks who lived in thisarea. 

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Church of Theophany on Gutuevsky Island

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The wonderful rescue of the Russian emperor AlexanderIII in October, 1888 after the train crash lead to build gave a cause to buildchurches to commemorate this event. Custom and port officers, who livedGutuevsky Island were no exeption.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">It was decided to build a large wooden church at first.Engineer S.I. Andreev had already prepared its project when a factory-owner I.A. Voronin made a hundred thousand rouble donation in order to construct astone church. After this a young architect Vasily Kosyakov headed theconstruction work. It took him only one month to prepare a new brilliantproject.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Kosyakov’s project was the sample of golden age of“Russian style” in church architecture of the end of XIX century. It kept thecanon of the “ship” type  OrthodoxChurch. The building is elongated from West to East and consists of vestibule,belfry, refectory, the principal altar with the chapel and two symmetricallylocated altar-sides.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The building was finished in 1897. On the 29thof April, 1899 it was consecrated by metropolitan Antony and confessor IoannKronshtadsky.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The church is well open from Obvodny canal,Ekateringofka river, nearby islands. Sucsessful proportions of the main cupolaand four small cupolas form an expressive silhouette. The characteristicfeatures of this type of buildings are open wall brickwork with compass bricktracery, glazed tiles, majolica, cornices. The entry is framed with coupledarches, elegant helmet-shaped dome makes the building a piece of architecturalart.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The interior is rather wide and it decorated well. Alow, one-deck faience icon stand was made by a Moscow company of M.A.Kuznetsov. Its colour was caontrasting with guilded bronze holy gates. Theicons were painted by A. M.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> Postnikov.Wall-paintings  of  Christ were  painted  by  A.S.  Slavtsov.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">N. M.  Budakovmade the ornaments. The carving was made in P. S. Abrosimov’s workshop: theauthor of outside mosaic was A. Frolov. In 1913 the altar was adorned withmarble and icons by Slavtsov. There was a two-deck gallery at the Western wall.All the walls inside were filled with paintings.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1935the church was closed. After the closing the building was occupied with avegetable store, soap factory, stores of “Frunzensky” department store. Themotor-transport depot located at the nearby area. During Soviet rule most ofthe interior elements were lost — unique carpet paintings, pier paintings,mosaics, fience icon stand, brickwork of altar-sides, church plate and otherdetails. During World War II the fire happened in the church. By the end of XXcentury only reeky disfigured framework survived.

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         In 1992the church was returned to believers. The first service was held on January,19. Since that moment the services are held regulary. After the church return,the restoration work started. By the moment, interior, windows and paintingshave been restored partially. The helmet-shaped dome was re-guilded. But thechurch lacks funding, and the work moves rather slowly.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                               Conclusion

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The temples of six different religions and streamswere represented in the work. To my mind, the work gives the insight of peoplewho lived in the city. As it turned out, there are thousands of people who areBuddhists, Moslem in Saint — Petersburg — European city. 

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The work also showes well different styles ofarchitecture — classicism, baroque, Byzantan and Russian style of churcharchitecture.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In my view, one can concieve the image of Saint — Petersburg, that has been changed greatly — metro pavilion instead of Znamenskychurch, October hall instead of the Greek church.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">I hope that my work helps to change the attitude topeople of another religion and nationality, to change the attitude to thememorials of architecture, that Saint-Petersburg is famous for.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The last, but not the least, the work gets oneacquainted with the churches and temples that have a reach and interestinghistory, but are not well-known among the citizens and tourists. Somebuildings, like the largest in Europe Buddhist temple, or the Mosque canattract intourists’ attention in future.

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                                       Glossary

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1. Portico (page 3) — a kind of porch fronted withcolumns, often at the entrance of a building  —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">портик<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">2. Frieze  (page5) — that part of the entablature of a column which is between the architraveand cornice —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">фриза<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">3. Minaret (page 7) — the slender, lofty turret or atower, adjacent to a mosque, usually with one or more balconies, used by amuzzin for summoning Moslems —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">минарет<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">4. Pediment (page 9)  — a low triangular part resembling a gable, crowning the front of thebuildings —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">фронтон<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">5. Relief (page 9) — the projection of promunence of afigure above or beyond the ground or plane —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">рельеф<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">6. Vestry (page 16)  — a room in a church building where vestments and the paraphernalia ofworship are kept, a room used as a chapel or for meetings —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">ризница<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">7. Deacon — (page 16) — a lay church official orsubordinate minister —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">дьякон<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">8. Vestibule (page 16) — a passage between outer doorand the interior of a building —

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">притвор<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">9. Apsis, apse (page 16) — semicircular or rectangularprojection —

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                               Bibliography

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman CYR»">1.<span Times New Roman"">     

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">А.П.Павлов «Храмы Санкт-Петербурга», Санкт-Петербург, 1995 г, Лениздат

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman CYR»">2.<span Times New Roman"">     

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">В.Г.Исаченко «Зодчие Санкт-Петербурга <span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">XIX<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»"> — <span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">XX<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»"> века» Санкт-Петербург, 1998, Лениздат

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman CYR»">3.<span Times New Roman"">     

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">О.С.Хижняк «Религия и гражданское общество: проблема толерантности»,Санкт-Петербург, 2003, Санкт-Петербургское философское общество

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:«Times New Roman CYR»">4.<span Times New Roman"">     

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">www.datsan.spb.ru<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Л.Базылев «Поляки в Петербурге», перевод Ю.Н. Беспятых, Санкт-Петербург, 2003,«Блиц»

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Б.М.Кириков, Л.А. Кирикова, О.В. Петрова «Невский Проспект», Москва — Санкт-Петербург, 2004 Центрполиграф МиМ Дельта

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<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">http://religion.ng.ru

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»;mso-fareast-font-family: «Times New Roman CYR»">9.<span Times New Roman"">     

<span Times New Roman CYR",«serif»">Е. Пудовкина «Осколки Греции наберегах Невы», Санкт-Петербург, 1993, Лениздат

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